A Multidisciplinary Approach to Evaluate the Effects of Contaminants of Emerging Concern on Natural Freshwater and Brackish Water Phytoplankton Communities
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Supply of Phytoplankton Cultures
2.3. Ecotoxicological Tests
2.4. Preparation of the Algal Inoculums
2.5. Ecotoxicological Assays
2.6. Taxonomical Identification of Phytoplankton, Cell Count, and Ecotoxicological Parameters
2.7. Biochemical Analyses
2.8. Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phytoplankton Community in the Inoculum
3.1.1. Freshwater
3.1.2. Brackish Water
3.2. Freshwater–K2Cr2O7 and ZnO NPs Ecotoxicity Test
3.3. Trend in Ecotoxicological Indexes: Freshwater
3.4. Brackish Water: K2Cr2O7 and ZnO Ecotoxicity Test
3.5. Trend in Ecotoxicological Indexes: Brackish Water
3.6. Trend in Phytoplankton Abundance
3.6.1. Freshwater
3.6.2. Brackish Water
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of ZnO NPs and K2Cr2O7 on Natural Phytoplankton Communities
4.2. Ecological Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test | NC | Cr 50 mg/L | Cr 18 mg/L | Cr 5.6 mg/L |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total cell | 49,288 ± 20.87 | 47,025 ± 25.89 | 44,946 ± 36.98 | 45,723 ± 45.73 |
Density (cell/mL) | 1972 a ± 16.78 | 1881 a ± 17.45 | 1798 b ± 89.12 | 1829 a ± 19.45 |
Absorbance | 0.079 a ± 0.004 | 0.069 a ± 0.002 | 0.054 b ± 0.007 | 0.064 a ± 0.009 |
Number of species | 14 | 13 | 12 | 12 |
Shannon-Wiener | 1.99 a ± 0.78 | 1.73 a ± 0.67 | 1.91 a ± 0.58 | 1.94 a ± 0.29 |
Evenness | 0.16 a ± 0.09 | 0.13 a ± 0.08 | 0.16 a ± 0.12 | 0.16 a ± 0.09 |
Chl-a (μg/L) | 0.002 a ± 0.001 | 0.002 a ± 0.002 | 0.002 a ± 0.001 | 0.001 a ± 0.001 |
Phe-a (μg/L) | 0.003 a ± 0.002 | 0.001 a ± 0.002 | 0.001 a ± 0.002 | 0.003 a ± 0.001 |
Growth rate | 0.21 a ± 0.08 | 0.20 a ± 0.09 | 0.18 a ± 0.08 | 0.19 a ± 0.08 |
Growth inhibition (%) | - | 7.3 ± 2.23 | 14.4 ± 3.34 | 11.7 ± 2.16 |
Test | NC | Zn 300 mg/L | Zn 100 mg/L | Zn 10 mg/L |
Total cell | 49288 ± 20.87 | 34665 ± 78.67 | 45707 ± 18.43 | 123634 ± 21.35 |
Cell density (cell/mL) | 1972 a ± 16.78 | 1387 b ± 28.54 | 1828 a ± 15.67 | 4945 b ± 12.71 |
Absorbance | 0.079 a ± 0.020 | 0.027 b ± 0.002 | 0.090 a ± 0.001 | 0.305 b ± 0.04 |
Number of species | 14 | 12 | 12 | 14 |
Shannon–Wiener | 1.89 a ± 0.78 | 1.77 a ± 0.67 | 1.80 a ± 0.56 | 1.58 a ± 0.23 |
Evenness | 0.13 a ± 0.09 | 0.15 a ± 0.09 | 0.15 a ± 0.08 | 0.11 a ± 0.06 |
Chl-a (μg/L) | 0.002 a ± 0.001 | 0.001 a ± 0.001 | 0.002 a ± 0.001 | 0.008 b ± 0.002 |
Phe-a (μg/L) | 0.003 a ± 0.002 | 0.003 a ± 0.002 | 0.002 a ± 0.001 | 0.001 a ± 0.001 |
Growth rate | 0.21 a ± 0.08 | 0.10 b ± 0.09 | 0.19 a ± 0.13 | 0.52 b ± 0.18 |
Growth inhibition (%) | - | 55.03 ± 6.67 | 11.79 ± 3.45 | −143.81 ± 56.24 |
Test | NC | Cr 50 mg/L | Cr 18 mg/L | Cr 5.6 mg/L |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total cell | 35,482 ± 21.17 | 36,893 ± 16.78 | 23,979 | 36,966 |
Density (cell/mL) | 1419.28 a ± 14.56 | 1475.72 a ± 21.56 | 959.16 b ± 11.86 | 1478.64 a ± 10.76 |
Absorbance | 0.208 a ± 0.01 | 0.250 b ± 0.001 | 0.134 b ± 0.005 | 0.260 b ± 0.002 |
Number of species | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
Shannon–Wiener | 2.02 a ± 0.07 | 1.44 b ± 0.12 | 1.92 a ± 0.15 | 1.89 a ± 0.21 |
Evenness | 0.18 a ± 0.05 | 0.13 b ± 0.08 | 0.16 a ± 0.02 | 0.14 a ± 0.3 |
Chl-a (μg/L) | 0.012 a ± 0.002 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.012 a ± 0.08 |
Phe-a (μg/L) | 0.032 ± 0.001 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ |
Growth rate | 0.57 a ± 0.11 | 0.56 a ± 0.19 | 0.44 a ± 0.12 | 0.59 a ± 0.17 |
Growth inhibition (%) | - | −2.27 ± 1.23 | 22.82 ± 4.57 | −2.39 ± 1.23 |
Test | NC | Zn 300 mg/L | Zn 100 mg/L | Zn 10 mg/L |
Total cell | 35482 ± 21.17 | - | 13882 ± 12.34 | 45504 ± 12.47 |
Density (cell/mL) | 1419.28 a ± 14.56 | - | 555.28 b ± 16.54 | 1820.16 b ± 16.75 |
Absorbance | 0.208 a ± 0.01 | - | 0.082 b ± 0.015 | 0.249 b ± 0.06 |
Number of species | 11 | - | 9 | 13 |
Shannon–Wiener | 2.02 a ± 0.07 | - | 1.85 a ± 0.03 | 1.77 a ± 0.08 |
Evenness | 0.18 a ± 0.05 | - | 0.21 a ± 0.07 | 0.14 a ± 0.05 |
Chl-a (μg/L) | 0.012 a ± 0.002 | - | <LOQ | 0.084 b ± 0.002 |
Phe-a (μg/L) | 0.032 a ± 0.001 | - | <LOQ | 0.290 b ± 0.18 |
Growth rate | 0.57 a ± 0.10 | - | 0.26 b ± 0.15 | 0.66 b ± 0.09 |
Growth inhibition (%) | - | - | 54.65 ± 6.23 | −14.49 ± 4.56 |
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Pastorino, P.; Broccoli, A.; Bagolin, E.; Anselmi, S.; Cavallo, A.; Prearo, M.; Renzi, M. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Evaluate the Effects of Contaminants of Emerging Concern on Natural Freshwater and Brackish Water Phytoplankton Communities. Biology 2021, 10, 1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101039
Pastorino P, Broccoli A, Bagolin E, Anselmi S, Cavallo A, Prearo M, Renzi M. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Evaluate the Effects of Contaminants of Emerging Concern on Natural Freshwater and Brackish Water Phytoplankton Communities. Biology. 2021; 10(10):1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101039
Chicago/Turabian StylePastorino, Paolo, Andrea Broccoli, Elisa Bagolin, Serena Anselmi, Andrea Cavallo, Marino Prearo, and Monia Renzi. 2021. "A Multidisciplinary Approach to Evaluate the Effects of Contaminants of Emerging Concern on Natural Freshwater and Brackish Water Phytoplankton Communities" Biology 10, no. 10: 1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10101039