Bimetallic Fenton-like Catalysts in the Remediation of Dyes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Oxidative Degradation Processes
1.2. Classic Fenton Chemistry
1.3. Radical and Reactive Oxygen Species
1.4. The Challenges of Fenton Cycling with Homogeneous Iron Catalysts
1.5. Bimetallic Catalyst Systems and the Modularity of Fenton-like Reactions
1.5.1. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Fenton-like Processes
1.5.2. The Radical-Generating Metal Reaction
1.5.3. The Reactive Oxygen Species
1.5.4. The Cycling Reduction Reaction
1.6. The Advantages and Prospects of Bimetallic Fenton-like Catalysts
2. Metal Catalysts for Dye Degradation
2.1. A Co-Catalytic Effect for the Cycling of Iron
2.1.1. Iron with Molybdenum
2.1.2. Iron with Copper
2.1.3. Iron with Vanadium
2.1.4. Iron with Magnesium
2.2. The Systems of Two Radical-Generating Metals
2.2.1. Iron with Copper
2.2.2. Iron with Molybdenum
2.3. Iron-Free Bimetallic Catalysts
2.3.1. Copper and Molybdenum
2.3.2. Manganese and Cobalt
2.3.3. Niobium and Zinc
2.4. Case Studies: Iron–Cobalt and Iron–Copper Heterogeneous Systems Exploiting Metal–Metal Synergy and the Facile Reclamation of Catalysts
2.4.1. A Fe3O4−CoS2−(S, O)x/HSO5− Catalyst System with Oxygen or Sulfur Vacancies
2.4.2. A Reduced Iron–Copper Spinel Catalyst Containing Zerovalent Iron and Copper
3. Dye Degradation Mechanisms and Products
3.1. Effects of Reaction Conditions on the Catalysis
3.2. Dye Degradation Reactions and Products
3.3. Matrix Effects
4. Implementation and Environmental Challenges
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Milam, L.R.; Planalp, R.P. Bimetallic Fenton-like Catalysts in the Remediation of Dyes. Colorants 2024, 3, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/colorants3010001
Milam LR, Planalp RP. Bimetallic Fenton-like Catalysts in the Remediation of Dyes. Colorants. 2024; 3(1):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/colorants3010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilam, Lydia R., and Roy P. Planalp. 2024. "Bimetallic Fenton-like Catalysts in the Remediation of Dyes" Colorants 3, no. 1: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/colorants3010001