Tensile Behavior of Unidirectional Bamboo/Coir Fiber Hybrid Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Fibers and Polymer Matrix
2.1.2. Mechanical Properties
2.2. Fabrication of Unidirectional (UD) Hybrid Composites
2.2.1. Preparation of UD Coir and Bamboo Prepreg with Polypropylene
2.2.2. Composite Processing
2.3. Tensile Test and Characterization of Composite Microstructure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Tensile Behavior of the Monolithic and Hybrid Composite
3.2. Rule of Mixtures for the Hybrid Composite
3.2.1. Theoretical E-Modulus and Theoretical Strength of Mono-Composites
3.2.2. Theoretical E-modulus and Theoretical Strength of Hybrid Composite
- (i)
- If is very low compared to : the strength of the composite is determined by coir fiber strength. In this case, the coir fibers can carry load after the failure of the bamboo fibers, then
- (ii)
- If is high. Then, the composite strength is dependent on bamboo fiber strength:
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Swolfs, Y.; Verpoest, I.; Gorbatikh, L. Recent advances in fibre-hybrid composites: Materials selection, opportunities and applications. Int. Mater. Rev. 2019, 64, 181–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manders, P.W.; Bader, M. The strength of hybrid glass/carbon fibre composites. J. Mater. Sci. 1981, 16, 2246–2256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Chaisombat, K.; He, S.; Wang, C.H. Hybrid composite laminates reinforced with glass/carbon woven fabrics for lightweight load bearing structures. Mater. Des. 2012, 36, 75–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wisnom, M.R.; Czél, G.; Swolfs, Y.; Jalalvand, M.; Gorbatikh, L.; Verpoest, I. Hybrid effects in thin ply carbon/glass unidirectional laminates: Accurate experimental determination and prediction. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2016, 88, 131–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Ma, H.; Yu, T. Tensile and interfacial properties of unidirectional flax/glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2013, 88, 172–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swolfs, Y.; Crauwels, L.; Van Breda, E.; Gorbatikh, L.; Hine, P.; Ward, I.; Verpoest, I. Tensile behaviour of intralayer hybrid composites of carbon fibre and self-reinforced polypropylene. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2014, 59, 78–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pegoretti, A.; Fabbri, E.; Migliaresi, C.; Pilati, F. Intraply and interply hybrid composites based on E-glass and poly (vinyl alcohol) woven fabrics: Tensile and impact properties. Polym. Int. 2004, 53, 1290–1297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hine, P.; Bonner, M.; Ward, I.M.; Swolfs, Y.; Verpoest, I.; Mierzwa, A. Hybrid carbon fibre/nylon 12 single polymer composites. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2014, 65, 19–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Defoirdt, N.; Biswas, S.; De Vriese, L.; Van Acker, J.; Ahsan, Q.; Gorbatikh, L.; Van Vuure, A.; Verpoesta, L.; Trana, L.Q.N. Assessment of the tensile properties of coir, bamboo and jute fibre. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2010, 41, 588–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tran, L.Q.N.; Minh, T.N.; Fuentes, C.A.; Chi, T.T.; Van Vuure, A.W.; Verpoest, I. Investigation of microstructure and tensile properties of porous natural coir fibre for use in composite materials. Indust. Crop. Prod. 2015, 65, 437–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Taketa, I.; Ustarroz, J.; Gorbatikh, L.; Lomov, S.V.; Verpoest, I. Interply hybrid composites with carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene and self-reinforced polypropylene. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2010, 41, 927–932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taketa, I. Analysis of Failure Mechanisms and Hybrid Effects in Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites. Ph D. Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Osorio, L.; Trujillo, E.; Van Vuure, A.W.; Verpoest, I. Morphological aspects and mechanical properties of single bamboo fibers and flexural characterization of bamboo/epoxy composites. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 2011, 30, 396–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osorio, L.; Trujillo, E.; Lens, F.; Ivens, J.; Verpoest, I.; Van Vuure, A.W. In-depth study of the microstructure of bamboo fibres and their relation to the mechanical properties. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 2018, 37, 1099–1113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trujillo, E.; Moesen, M.; Osorio, L.; Van Vuure, A.W.; Ivens, J.; Verpoest, I. Bamboo fibres for reinforcement in composite materials: Strength Weibull analysis. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2014, 61, 115–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zweben, C. Tensile strength of hybrid composites. J. Mater. Sci. 1977, 12, 1325–1337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bader, M.; Manders, P. The strength of hybrid glass/carbon fibre composites, part 1: Failure strain enhancement and failure mode. J. Mater. Sci. 1981, 16, 2233–2245. [Google Scholar]
- Pitkethly, M.; Bader, M. Failure modes of hybrid composites consisting of carbon fibre bundles dispersed in a glass fibre epoxy resin matrix. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 1987, 20, 315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Material | E-Modulus (GPa) | Strength (MPa) | Strain to Failure (%) | Density (g/cm3) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coir fiber | 4.6–4.9 | 210–250 | 18.0–36.7 | 1.3 | [10] |
Bamboo | 42–50 | 775–860 | 1.1.9 | 1.4 | [15,16] |
PP | 1.6–1.8 | 55–65 | >300 | 0.9 | tested values |
Composites | E-Modulus (GPa) | Strength (MPa) | Strain at Failure (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coir-bamboo/PP | 30 | 8 | 7.3 ± 0.9 | 87.6 ± 4.4 | 2.2 ± 0.8 |
Bamboo/PP | 0 | 45 | 21.7 ± 2.8 | 148.3 ± 10.5 | 0.9 ± 0.5 |
Coir/PP | 44 | 0 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 43.0 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.3 |
Composite | Theoretical E-Modulus (GPa) | Efficiency Factor of E-Modulus | Theoretical Strength (MPa) | Efficiency Factor of Strength |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coir-bamboo/PP | 6.1 | 1.22 | 120.8 1 | 0.73 |
Coir/PP | 3.2 | 0.76 | 134.8 | 0.32 |
Bamboo/PP | 23.5 | 0.92 | 393 | 0.38 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tran, L.Q.N.; Fuentes, C.; Verpoest, I.; Van Vuure, A.W. Tensile Behavior of Unidirectional Bamboo/Coir Fiber Hybrid Composites. Fibers 2019, 7, 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib7070062
Tran LQN, Fuentes C, Verpoest I, Van Vuure AW. Tensile Behavior of Unidirectional Bamboo/Coir Fiber Hybrid Composites. Fibers. 2019; 7(7):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib7070062
Chicago/Turabian StyleTran, Le Quan Ngoc, Carlos Fuentes, Ignace Verpoest, and Aart Willem Van Vuure. 2019. "Tensile Behavior of Unidirectional Bamboo/Coir Fiber Hybrid Composites" Fibers 7, no. 7: 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib7070062