Composite Performance Evaluation of Basalt Textile-Reinforced Geopolymer Mortar
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Specimen Preparation
2.3. Four-Point Bending Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Development of the Mechanical Strength of the Geopolymer Mortar Matrix
3.2. Flexural Response of Basalt Mesh Reinforced Geopolymer Composite
3.3. Mechanical Properties of Basalt Mesh Reinforced Geopolymer Composite
3.4. Failure Mode
4. Conclusions
- With the arrangement of basalt mesh in the BRG specimens in this study, displacement-hardening behavior can only be achieved when the specimens are reinforced with multiple textile layers. With the increasing number of textile layers, the mechanical properties of the BRG specimens were improved significantly, especially with the BRG specimens reinforced with basalt mesh having a small net size. There is no impact on the mechanical strength of the BRG reinforced with basalt mesh of big net size, failure of these BRG specimens is due to localization of the first-crack. This can be attributed to two main reasons: (i) partial loss of the mechanical strength of basalt fiber in an alkali environment, (ii) low tensile strength of the fiber yarn while using basalt mesh of big net size reflects the behavior of the BRG specimens. It can be concluded that using basalt mesh of big net size as reinforcement is not useful. So, the author suggests that only basalt textile of small net size should be used to reinforced in specimens due to reinforcement effectiveness; or in case of using basalt mesh of big net size, fiber yarn should be resized to its size by way of fiber yarn that should be made of more individual filaments to improve its low tensile strength.
- Under four-point bending tests, all BRG specimens have the same failure mode by flexural failure due to the rupture of fiber yarn in mortar matrix and no debonding of fiber yarn or a gradual peeling process of mortar matrix during testing. On the other hand, the specimens reinforced with more textile layers lead to a greater number of cracks.
- When the BRG specimens were exposed at longer ageing times (60, 90, 150, 180 days), degradation of the mechanical strength with the increasing ageing time was revealed. The obvious loss of the durability is after 150 days of ageing time compared to the reference. This reduction happened in both specimens of mortar matrix and BRG specimens, so it can be attributed to the presence of basalt fiber in the geopolymer. The author suggests that the BRG specimens should continue to be tested at longer aging times in order to evaluate their durability.
- The specimen production phase also plays an important role in the first-crack strength of these composites. The subjectivity in the specimen production can lead to the BRG specimens having many cavities at the interface between mortar matrix and fiber yarn which results in a decrease of the mechanical strength of the BRG specimens.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Form | Basalt Fiber Grid | Basalt Fiber Grid | Basalt Fiber Grid |
---|---|---|---|
Fiber type | Basalt HTB 10/14–40 | Basalt HTB 22/22–40 | Basalt HTB 36/36–40 |
Fiber density | 2.75 g/cm3 | 2.75 g/cm3 | 2.75 g/cm3 |
Number of threads/m | 84 (lengthways); 61 (crossways) | 43 (lengthways); 42 (crossways) | 26 (lengthways); 25 (crossways) |
weight | 375 g/m2 | 229 g/m2 | 153 g/m2 |
Stitch spacing | 10 × 14 mm (center to center distance) | 22 × 22 mm (center to center distance) | 36 × 36 mm (center to center distance) |
Tensile strength | 1335 N/mm2 (lengthways); 1251 N/mm2 (crossways) | 1068 N/mm2 (lengthways); 1347 N/mm2 (crossways) | 1141 N/mm2 (lengthways); 1279 N/mm2 (crossways) |
Elongation lengthways | 1.86% | 1.61% | 1.62% |
Elongation crossways | 1.50% | 1.63% | 1.54% |
By Weigh Ratio (-) | BF Content (wt % of Geopolymer Paste) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geopolymer Cement | Activator | Micro Silica | Micro Sand | Rough Sand | |
1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 5 |
Specimen | The Average Value (Standard Deviation) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First-Crack Load (N) | First-Crack Stress (MPa) | Ultimate Load (N) | Ultimate Stress (MPa) | Ultimate Displacement (mm) | Number of Cracks [-] | Flexural Toughness (N·mm) | |
The experimental results of the specimens reinforced with the different types of the basalt textile | |||||||
BRG 10 × 14-1 L | 802.87 | 10.70 | 802.87 | 10.70 | 0.74 | 2 | 279.74 |
(5.44) | (0.07) | (5.44) | (0.07) | (0.04) | (0) | (23.50) | |
BRG 10 × 14-2 L | 838.11 | 11.17 | 1295.34 | 17.27 | 8.02 | 4 | 7177.50 |
(5.15) | (0.07) | (90.34) | (1.20) | (0.07) | (0) | (394.91) | |
BRG 10 × 14-3 L | 792.11 | 10.56 | 1691.06 | 22.55 | 8.15 | 10.33 | 8365.33 |
(67.55) | (0.90) | (53.69) | (0.72) | (0.14) | (0.57) | (677.24) | |
BRG 10 × 14-4 L | 819.70 | 10.93 | 2190.68 | 29.21 | 8.30 | 12 | 11742.88 |
(99.01) | (1.32) | (91.57) | (1.22) | (0.98) | (0) | (131.25) | |
BRG 22 × 22-1 L | 736.37 | 9.82 | 736.37 | 9.82 | 0.68 | 2 | 234.16 |
(11.46) | (0.15) | (11.46) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0) | (35.25) | |
BRG 22 × 22-2 L | 646.61 | 8.62 | 695.98 | 9.28 | 1.06 | 2 | 400.87 |
(69.91) | (0.93) | (41.75) | (0.56) | (0.41) | (0) | (136.56) | |
BRG 22 × 22-3 L | 565.00 | 7.53 | 907.39 | 12.09 | 6.43 | 5.67 | 4305.43 |
(26.64) | (0.36) | (39.24) | (0.52) | (0.54) | (0.57) | (406.93) | |
BRG 22 × 22-4 L | 589.85 | 7.86 | 1267.17 | 16.90 | 7.46 | 6.67 | 6496.57 |
(39.67) | (0.53) | (58.97) | (0.79) | (0.31) | (0.57) | (482.88) | |
BRG 36 × 36-1 L | 748.24 | 9.98 | 748.24 | 9.98 | 0.84 | 2 | 270.66 |
(107.84) | (1.44) | (107.84) | (1.44) | (0.17) | (0) | (24.84) | |
BRG 36 × 36-2 L | 666.29 | 8.88 | 666.29 | 8.88 | 0.72 | 2 | 240.30 |
(73.63) | (0.98) | (73.63) | (0.98) | (0.02) | (0) | (28.05) | |
BRG 36 × 36-3 L | 741.11 | 9.88 | 741.11 | 9.88 | 0.70 | 2 | 286.64 |
(101.47) | (1.35) | (101.47) | (1.35) | (0.06) | (0) | (76.50) | |
BRG 36 × 36-4 L | 717.70 | 9.57 | 717.70 | 9.57 | 0.69 | 2 | 268.58 |
(7.60) | (0.10) | (7.60) | (0.10) | (0.08) | (0) | (35.54) | |
The experimental results of four-layer reinforcing specimens at the different periods of aging time | |||||||
40 day sample | 819.70 | 10.93 | 2190.68 | 29.21 | 8.30 | 11.33 | 11742.88 |
(99.01) | (1.32) | (91.57) | (1.22) | (0.98) | (0.57) | (131.25) | |
60 day sample | 509.66 | 6.79 | 2006.76 | 26.76 | 8.54 | 12 | 10126.90 |
(53.48) | (0.71) | (122.23) | (1.63) | (0.88) | (0) | (859.55) | |
90 day sample | 619.33 | 8.25 | 2060.92 | 27.47 | 8.67 | 11.33 | 9864.42 |
(37.12) | (0.49) | (121.13) | (1.62) | (0.53) | (0.57) | (483.69) | |
150 day sample | 614.33 | 8.19 | 1714.90 | 22.87 | 6.62 | 11.33 | 7634.17 |
(5.51) | (0.07) | (42.50) | (1.47) | (0.38) | (0.57) | (667.48) | |
180 day sample | 531.67 | 7.08 | 1682.97 | 22.49 | 6.64 | 11.33 | 6995.69 |
(26.10) | (0.35) | (36.12) | (0.43) | (0.50) | (0.57) | (793.56) |
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Le Chi, H.; Louda, P.; Le Van, S.; Volesky, L.; Kovacic, V.; Bakalova, T. Composite Performance Evaluation of Basalt Textile-Reinforced Geopolymer Mortar. Fibers 2019, 7, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib7070063
Le Chi H, Louda P, Le Van S, Volesky L, Kovacic V, Bakalova T. Composite Performance Evaluation of Basalt Textile-Reinforced Geopolymer Mortar. Fibers. 2019; 7(7):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib7070063
Chicago/Turabian StyleLe Chi, Hiep, Petr Louda, Su Le Van, Lukas Volesky, Vladimir Kovacic, and Totka Bakalova. 2019. "Composite Performance Evaluation of Basalt Textile-Reinforced Geopolymer Mortar" Fibers 7, no. 7: 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib7070063