A Review on Ionic Substitutions in Hydroxyapatite Thin Films: Towards Complete Biomimetism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (i)
- Despite the assumed similarity between biological apatite and stoichiometric apatite having been referred to for decades, they exhibit significant differences, from several points of view. Firstly, in terms of composition, bone apatite is a multi-substituted carbonated HA [18,20,21]. Each substitution can influence the characteristics of the lattice, thus having an impact on its stability, crystallinity degree, crystal size and morphology, all influencing its solubility and, ultimately, ion release in the biological medium [18,20,21]. In addition, several of these ions can have a significant biological role, directly influencing host cells response and/or exerting a therapeutic role, generally in a dose-dependent manner, hence their presence and amount in the peri-implant environment is significant [18,21].
- (ii)
- Due to relatively high thickness, plasma sprayed coatings have a high tendency to cracking and delamination [16,22,23]. In addition, coating manufactured by PS exhibit scarce uniformity in terms of thickness, phase composition and microstructure [16,22,23]. These two aspects have been hampering the performance of these materials.
- (i)
- Ion-substituted apatites are being investigated, instead of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite.
- (ii)
- Novel plasma-assisted techniques have been emerging, allowing to deposit thin films, with superior adhesion to the substrate and lack of tendency to crack.
2. Plasma-Assisted Methods for Calcium Phosphate (CaP) Deposition
3. The Role of Ionic Substitutions in Hydroxyapatite
4. Deposition of Ion-Substituted Apatites by Plasma-Assisted Techniques
4.1. Deposition by Magnetron Sputtering
4.2. Pulsed Laser Deposition
4.3. Deposition by Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation
4.4. Deposition by Pulsed Electron Deposition
5. Multi-Substituted Coatings and Deposition from Biogenic Sources
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
- A better understanding of the real benefits of ion-doped coatings, compared to un-doped HA. This is still controversial, mainly because effective incorporation of ions in the HA lattice is not always verified and, because direct comparison between doped and un-doped coatings with the same characteristics and deposited in the same conditions is generally non-available. This is important, as several parameters play a key role, together with the composition of the coatings.
- The effects of different ions should be compared, again considering the same deposition and post deposition conditions and/or the same coating properties.
- The number of experiments performed in vivo must significantly increase, as for some coatings, no in vivo literature is available at all.
- Different opinions are found about some parameters that complicate the evaluation of the coatings performance. Among the others, partial verses complete dissolution of the coatings should be addressed. The optimal properties to be preferred must be identified univocally.
- Based on the significant differences existing between different bone sources, a comparative evaluation between different precursors should be carried out.
- To the authors’ best knowledge, no clinical trials are available on the topic [88]. Once research will be ready to move to the clinic, a clearer picture will be achieved on the effective potential of these coatings.
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Graziani, G.; Boi, M.; Bianchi, M. A Review on Ionic Substitutions in Hydroxyapatite Thin Films: Towards Complete Biomimetism. Coatings 2018, 8, 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8080269
Graziani G, Boi M, Bianchi M. A Review on Ionic Substitutions in Hydroxyapatite Thin Films: Towards Complete Biomimetism. Coatings. 2018; 8(8):269. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8080269
Chicago/Turabian StyleGraziani, Gabriela, Marco Boi, and Michele Bianchi. 2018. "A Review on Ionic Substitutions in Hydroxyapatite Thin Films: Towards Complete Biomimetism" Coatings 8, no. 8: 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8080269