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Review

A Vegetable-Oil-Based Polyurethane Coating for Controlled Nutrient Release: A Review

1
Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Polymer Research Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Faculty of Engineering, Technology & Built Environment, UCSI University, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4
Department of Materials Engineering, Sichuan College of Architectural Technology, Deyang 618000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2025, 15(6), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060665
Submission received: 7 May 2025 / Revised: 26 May 2025 / Accepted: 29 May 2025 / Published: 30 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Applications of Bio-Based Polymer Coatings)

Abstract

Bio-based polyurethane (PU) is synthesized either via the prepolymerization or addition polymerization of bio-based polyols and isocyanates. PU synthesized from vegetable-oil-based polyols has excellent properties for various application needs. Bio-based PU coatings from renewable vegetable oil show good degradability in soil while controlling the nutrient release process. Castor oil, soybean oil, palm oil, olive oil, linseed oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, and recycled oil have been explored in the study of bio-based PU coatings for controlled nutrient release. Castor oil as a natural polyol has been widely studied. Generally, the epoxidation ring opening method is preferred to prepare bio-based polyols. Almost all of these studies used a drum coating machine to complete the coating process. To obtain better controlled release performance, a vegetable-oil-based PU (VPU) coating was modified by increasing the degrees of crosslinking and hydrophobicity and improving the coating uniformity. The nutrient release duration of the modified castor-oil-based PU-coated fertilizer reached 200 days. VPU-coated fertilizers, in contrast to traditional fertilizers, effectively reduce the detrimental impact on the environment. Although the preparation of VPU-coated fertilizers is still at the laboratory scale, application research has been carried out in field crops.
Keywords: vegetable oil; bio-based polyurethane; controlled release fertilizer; polymer coated fertilizer vegetable oil; bio-based polyurethane; controlled release fertilizer; polymer coated fertilizer

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yao, L.; Baharum, A.; Yu, L.J.; Yan, Z.; Badri, K.H. A Vegetable-Oil-Based Polyurethane Coating for Controlled Nutrient Release: A Review. Coatings 2025, 15, 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060665

AMA Style

Yao L, Baharum A, Yu LJ, Yan Z, Badri KH. A Vegetable-Oil-Based Polyurethane Coating for Controlled Nutrient Release: A Review. Coatings. 2025; 15(6):665. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060665

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yao, Lyu, Azizah Baharum, Lih Jiun Yu, Zibo Yan, and Khairiah Haji Badri. 2025. "A Vegetable-Oil-Based Polyurethane Coating for Controlled Nutrient Release: A Review" Coatings 15, no. 6: 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060665

APA Style

Yao, L., Baharum, A., Yu, L. J., Yan, Z., & Badri, K. H. (2025). A Vegetable-Oil-Based Polyurethane Coating for Controlled Nutrient Release: A Review. Coatings, 15(6), 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060665

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