The Examination of the Effect of Water-Soluble Hydrophobic Agents on Physical–Mechanical Parameters and Resistance to Aggressive Environment of Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Hydrophobic Impregnations
2.2. Concrete Substrates
2.3. Nanocellulose
2.4. Depth of Penetration of Hydrophobic Impregnation
2.5. Chemical Resistance
2.6. Compressive Strength
2.7. Water Tightness Test
2.8. Concrete Absorption
2.9. Depth of Penetration of Water Under Pressure
2.10. Adhesion of Hydrophobic Agents to Concrete
2.11. Resistance of Concrete Against the Action of Water and Chemical Deicers
2.12. Frost Resistance
2.13. Resistance to Aggressive CO2 and SO2 Gasses
2.14. Microstructure
2.15. Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT)
2.16. Vacuum Saturation Porosity
2.17. Concrete Sorptivity
2.18. Effect of Nanocellulose Addition on Hydrophobic Agents
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Dynamic Viscosity
3.2. Depth of Penetration of Hydrophobic Impregnation
3.3. Chemical Resistance
3.4. Compressive Strength
3.5. Water Tightness Test
3.6. Concrete Absorption
3.7. Depth of Penetration of Water Under Pressure
3.8. Adhesion of Hydrophobic Agents to Concrete
3.9. Frost Resistance
3.10. Resistance to Aggressive CO2 and SO2 Gasses
3.11. Microstructure
3.12. Vacuum Saturation Porosity
3.13. Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT)
3.14. Concrete Sorptivity
3.15. Effect of Nanocellulose Addition on Hydrophobization
4. Conclusions
- The hydrophobized samples exhibited low resistance to acid attack, limiting their use in acidic environments. However, in an alkaline environment with NaOH, they showed better stability than reference samples.
- The application of hydrophobic impregnations had a positive effect on the mechanical parameters of the concrete—with an increase after 28 days in the compressive strength of CS1 by up to 30% to 45.2 MPa or of the hydrophobically treated concrete HY2. This positive effect was caused mainly by the reduction in water evaporation during concrete hydration. The same effect was recorded with CS2, when the concrete hydrophobized by HY1 showed an increase in compressive strength of 4 MPa with respect to the reference concrete.
- The depth of penetration of water under pressure, absorption, and watertightness were significantly decreased when water-soluble hydrophobic agents were used. CS2 impregnated by HY3 showed zero absorbency and watertightness of only 0.28 L/m2.
- The effectiveness of HY was also confirmed with respect to the frost resistance of the concrete, when the weight loss of the CS1 hydrophobized using HY1 was only 1.68% in comparison to untreated CS1, which showed a weight loss of 2.85%.
- Samples treated with HY3 and HY4 showed higher resistance to the gaseous aggressive environment, whilst higher resistance to carbonation was confirmed through the FF test, when the depth of carbonation of the concrete impregnated by HY3 was 9 mm, which is 13 mm lesser than the untreated concrete.
- The best results for resistance to chloride penetration were achieved with samples treated with hydrophobic agents HY2 and HY4, which showed the lowest penetration of chloride ions.
- The presence of nanocellulose in HY2 and HY4 reduced the depth of penetration of water under pressure in CS1 (with no water penetration with concrete hydrophobized using HY4 + nano). There was even an increase in the compressive strength after 28 days in the case of CS1 to 47.5 MPa for HY4 + nano.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Hydrophobization | Chemical Base | Consumption (kg/m2) | Application Method | Color |
---|---|---|---|---|
HY1 | Oil | 0.23 | Spraying | White |
HY2 | Silane–siloxane | 0.48 | Spraying | Colorless |
HY3 | Epoxy resin | 0.23 | Painting | Faint white |
HY4 | Epoxy resin | 0.23 | Spraying | Faint white |
HY5 | Acrylic copolymers | 0.15 | Spraying | Colorless |
Component | Unit | CS1 | CS2 |
---|---|---|---|
Portland composite cement CEM II/B-M (S-LL) 32.5 R | kg | 300 | - |
White Portland cement CEM I 52.5 R SR5 | kg | - | 380 |
High-temperature fly ash | kg | 60 | - |
Water | kg | 140 | 152 |
Fine quarried aggregates (0–4 mm) | Kg | 950 | 908 |
Fine quarried aggregates (4–8 mm) | Kg | 380 | 363 |
Coarse crushed aggregates (8–16 mm) | Kg | 570 | 545 |
Superplasticizer | l | 3.0 | 4.18 |
Aerating additive Micropon 0.3% of mc | l | - | 1.14 |
Charge Passed [C] | Chloride Ion Penetrability (CIP) |
---|---|
>4000 | High |
2000–4000 | Moderate |
1000–2000 | Low |
100–1000 | Very low |
<100 | Negligible |
Type of Substrate | Type of Hydrophobization | Depth of Carbonation [mm] |
---|---|---|
CS1 | REF | 22 |
HY1 | 12 | |
HY2 | 22 | |
HY3 | 9 | |
HY4 | 10 | |
HY5 | 18 |
Type of Substrate | Type of Hydrophobization | Depth of Penetration of Water [mm] |
---|---|---|
CS1 | HY2 + nano | 25 |
HY4 + nano | 0 |
Type of Substrate | Type of Hydrophobization | Compressive Strength [N/mm2] |
---|---|---|
CS1 | HY2 + nano | 47.5 |
HY4 + nano | 46.1 |
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Hodul, J.; Beníková, T.; Drochytka, R.; Borg, R.P. The Examination of the Effect of Water-Soluble Hydrophobic Agents on Physical–Mechanical Parameters and Resistance to Aggressive Environment of Concrete. Coatings 2025, 15, 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020175
Hodul J, Beníková T, Drochytka R, Borg RP. The Examination of the Effect of Water-Soluble Hydrophobic Agents on Physical–Mechanical Parameters and Resistance to Aggressive Environment of Concrete. Coatings. 2025; 15(2):175. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020175
Chicago/Turabian StyleHodul, Jakub, Tatiana Beníková, Rostislav Drochytka, and Ruben Paul Borg. 2025. "The Examination of the Effect of Water-Soluble Hydrophobic Agents on Physical–Mechanical Parameters and Resistance to Aggressive Environment of Concrete" Coatings 15, no. 2: 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020175
APA StyleHodul, J., Beníková, T., Drochytka, R., & Borg, R. P. (2025). The Examination of the Effect of Water-Soluble Hydrophobic Agents on Physical–Mechanical Parameters and Resistance to Aggressive Environment of Concrete. Coatings, 15(2), 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020175