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Article

Comparative Study of Tribological and Corrosion Characteristics of TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN Coatings

by
Aidar Kenzhegulov
1,*,
Axaule Mamaeva
1,
Aleksandr Panichkin
1,
Zhasulan Alibekov
1,
Balzhan Kshibekova
1,
Nauryzbek Bakhytuly
1 and
Wojciech Wieleba
2
1
The Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation, Satbayev University NJSC, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2022, 12(5), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050564
Submission received: 17 March 2022 / Revised: 13 April 2022 / Accepted: 14 April 2022 / Published: 21 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Engineering and Tribology)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Coatings based on titanium carbonitride alloyed with zirconium and chromium were deposited using the method of reactive magnetron sputtering on the surface of titanium VT1–0. The effect of alloying titanium carbonitride with zirconium and chromium on the tribo- and corrosion properties of the coating has been studied. Coatings with different compositions were formed by changing the ratio of alloying elements to titanium in a single target. To study the obtained coatings, a scanning electron microscopy, nanoindentation, sliding wear test (ball on disk method), and corrosion tests in 0.5 M Na2SO4 and 30% NaCl solution were used. As a result of wear and corrosion tests, friction coefficients, mass index, and corrosion rate of alloyed and pure titanium carbonitride coatings were obtained. The average coefficient of friction of the coatings varied in the range of 0.17–0.31. The values of nanohardness are determined depending on the composition of the coatings. From corrosion data, it is determined that TiCrCN and TiZrCN coatings exhibit better corrosion properties compared to TiCN coatings. As a result of the dependences obtained, the preferred composition of the coating, the most resistant to wear and corrosion damage, was revealed.

1. Introduction

Some machine components and structures are constantly subject to mechanical and chemical degradation due to wear and corrosion processes. Hard protective coatings greatly contribute to the wear and corrosion resistance of metals/metal alloys [1,2,3,4,5]. The use of hard protective coatings such as TiC [6], TiN [7], TiCN [8], TiAlN [9], TiSiC [10], Al2O3 [11], ZrTiCN [12], diamond-like films [13,14], and others is a suitable way to protect machine parts or tools from the harmful effects of the environment and wear. In these works, it is noted that coatings based on titanium carbides and nitrides provide good wear and corrosion resistance due to a combination of ductility and hardness, and high adhesion to the substrate.
To date, various physical and chemical deposition technologies have been used to obtain solid protective coatings. There are methods such as magnetron sputtering (MS) [15,16], cathode sputtering [17], plasma deposition [18], laser methods [19], methods based on chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [20], and others. Among them, MS is very often used for applying various hard tribological coating systems based on titanium carbonitride (TiCN) with increased wear resistance. MS provides a low level of impurities and allows easy control of the deposition rate. Depending on the deposition conditions, this method also makes it possible to obtain coatings with different morphology, structure, and properties. TiCN-based coatings produced by this method exhibit a wide range of different properties such as high adhesion, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance.
One of the ways to improve the tribological and corrosion properties of TiCN coatings is alloying with various metals, such as O, Al, Ag, Si, Nb, Zr, Cr, etc. For example, the introduction of oxygen into the TiCN coating increases their resistance to friction and corrosion, which is justified by the inertness of the oxide and the small atomic size of oxygen, which creates high hardness and compressive stress [21,22]. Hsieh J.H. et al. [23] obtained a TiCNO coating and studied the effect of the oxygen content in the reaction atmosphere during magnetron sputtering on the properties of the TiCN coating. The results showed that the TiCNO coating obtained at an oxygen flow rate of 4 cm3/min has the lowest wear rate and highest nanohardness. Recently, in [24] the authors reported that the addition of Ag to the TiCN coating can improve friction and wear resistance at room and elevated temperatures. As a result of the work [25], the elemental ratio Ag/Ti (below 0.20) was determined, at which coatings with high mechanical properties are formed (hardness ~18 GPa, wear rate ~10−6 mm3/Nm). The purpose of the work [26] was aimed at studying the tribocorrosion behavior of TiSiCN nanocomposite coatings with a low coefficient of friction. The high wear resistance of the coating depended on the trimethylsilane flow rate. There are a sufficient number of works devoted to the above coatings in the literature. With regard to research on the effect of alloying with zirconium and chromium titanium carbonitride, their number is extremely limited.
Nevertheless, chromium alloying of TiCN coating is known [27]. The resulting films, which were prepared through co-sputtering of Ti, Cr, and graphite targets, exhibited high hardness (up to 40 GPa), low friction coefficient (0.03), and good wear resistance. The authors of [12] obtained (Zr,Ti)CN coatings for medical purposes by the MS method of two targets from Zr and Ti. The measured thickness and hardness of the coating were in the ranges of 1.8–2.1 μm and 25–29 GPa, respectively. Pruncu C.I. et al. [28] obtained TiCN coatings doped with Zr, Nb and Si. Zr, Nb and Si alloying elements in the film composition were in the range 2.9–9.6 at.% and ratio (C + N)/(sum of metals) was close to 1. In the result, the TiNbCN coating was found to have the best corrosion resistance due to the low residual stress and high adhesion to the substrate. From a comparative study [29] of (Zr,Ti)CN, (Zr,Hf)CN, and (Zr,Nb)CN coatings, it was found that films with higher non-metal content have finer morphology, higher hardness, and lower coefficient of friction. It is evident from the detailed work in this paragraph that the alloying process, which consists of adding chromium and zirconium to the main crystal structure of TiCN, is effective in improving the hardness and tribological properties of the coating. Despite these and other high-quality works, little information has been reported so far on the effect of Cr– and Zr– alloying on the properties of TiCN coatings deposited using a single target. Information on the analysis of the wear and corrosion characteristics of such coatings is very limited. In this regard, it seems interesting to study the effect of alloying with Cr and Zr on the corrosion and tribological characteristics of TiCN coatings. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the tribological and corrosion performance of TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN coatings using mechanical, tribological, and corrosion tests.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Substrate Preparation and Coating Process

TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN coatings were deposited in a 100 kHz pulsed direct current MS system. The distance between the target and the substrate holder was kept constant and amounted to 30 cm. To deposit pure TiCN, a target made of titanium VT1–0 (equivalent to titanium GRADE 2) was used, and composite targets were made to deposit TiZrCN and TiCrCN coatings (Figure 1). To do this, the alloying element in the form of a disk was welded onto the sputtered surface of the titanium target. Three and five disks of chromium and zirconium were welded onto the surface of the titanium target in order to change the composition of the obtained coatings. Well-polished plates (15 × 15 mm) and disks (Ø 58 mm) made of titanium VT1–0 were used as substrates. The chemical composition of the substrate is shown in Table 1.
The schematic image of the preparation process of the titanium substrate and coating is presented in Figure 2. When preparing the surface of the substrates for sputtering, grinding was performed with P120 sandpaper, P180, P320, P600, P1000, P1200, P2000. Next, four-stage polishing with diamond paste was performed: 5/1 (3–5 µm), 2/1 (1–2 µm), 1/0 (1 µm), and final polishing on a clean wool cloth. After polishing, the substrates were washed with distilled water for 10 min and degreased with acetone. After performing the above processes, the substrates were placed in the working chamber. Before deposition, the chamber was evacuated to a base pressure below 3·10–3 Pa. The MS facility is equipped with an APEL-IS-21CELL ion source (Applied Electronics, Tomsk, Russian Federation) and APELMRE100 magnetrons (Applied Electronics, Tomsk, Russian Federation). Before coating deposition, the substrates were ion cleaned with argon at an operating voltage of 2.5 kV, a current of 20–25 mA, and a pressure of 0.2 Pa for 20 min. The potential shift to the substrate was fixed at –70 V, which was supplied using an APEL-M-5PDC power supply (Applied Electronics, Tomsk, Russian Federation). This potential value was chosen on the basis of the results described in our previous work [31]. The flow rate of the inert and reactive gas was controlled using RRG–12 model flowmeters (Eltochpribor, Moscow, Russian Federation). Previously, composite targets were worked out in order to clean the surface from unwanted contaminants. The deposition parameters of all obtained coatings are presented in Table 2.

2.2. Morphology and Composition of Coatings

Surface morphology and coating thickness were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For these purposes, a JXA-8230 model electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) with an accelerating voltage of 25 kV and an electron beam current of up to 7 nA was used. All selected coatings were studied in the backscattered electron mode (Compo). To check the thickness of the coating, it was applied to glass. Then, using a glass cutter, a scratch was made on the opposite side of the glass substrate, and it was broken. As a result, the coating broke along with the glass. This made it possible to avoid blockages during sample preparation and more accurately determine the coating thickness using SEM. The elemental composition of the coating was analyzed using energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX) over the surface area of the coating 40 × 40 μm2 at ×2000 magnification.
The surface topography and roughness were studied by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) using a JSPM 5200 probe microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The pictures were taken in semi-contact mode.
The phase composition and crystal structure of the coating were determined on a D8 Advance diffractometer (BRUKER, Karlsruhe, Germany) with α-Cu radiation (λ ≈ 1.54 Å). Radiography was performed with focusing according to the Bragg–Brentano method. The diffraction patterns were recorded in the range of angles 2θ: 20–90° with a step of 0.05°, a shooting rate of 2 deg/min at a voltage of 35 kV, and a current of 20 mA. The PDF 2 database was used for phase analysis.

2.3. Tribological Tests

To measure the tribological characteristics of the TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN coatings were deposited on the surface of a titanium VT1–0 substrate with a diameter of 58 mm. The tribological characteristics of the coatings were measured in the sliding friction mode according to the ball-on-disk scheme on a TRB3 tribometer (CSM Instruments, Peseux, Switzerland) at room temperature. The speed of movement of the sample surface relative to the counterbody is 1 cm/s, the load is 1 N, the radius of the wear track is 7 mm, the friction path is 100 m, the data acquisition rate is 50 Hz, and a ball of Si3N4 with a diameter of 6 mm was used as the counterbody. Test conditions are in accordance with international standards ASTM G99–959. The wear given in the work was calculated from the volumetric wear of the coatings during tribological tests. To do this, using a profilometer model 130, we measured the cross-sectional area of the wear track. Optical interference microscopy on a Leica DM IRM (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) microscope was used to analyze the surface of the coating after testing the wear of the coating to describe the wear pattern.

2.4. Nanohardness

Nanoindentation was performed on a NanoScan–4D nanohardness tester (Nanoscan, Moscow, Russian Federation). Using a Berkovich indenter, 10 indentations were made at a load of 50 mN. The penetration depth of the indenter into the coating was 340–400 nm. Young’s modulus and hardness were determined by the method of Oliver and Farr. Based on certain values, dependency graphs with a standard deviation were built.

2.5. Corrosion Testing

To measure the corrosion characteristics of TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN, coatings were deposited on the surface of VT1–0 titanium 15 × 25 × 1 mm in size. The deposition was performed over the entire surface of flat substrates. Next, the coated plates were kept in a solution of 0.5 M Na2SO4 and 30% NaCl for corrosion testing. The exposure time was 720 h. After that, the corrosion characteristics were measured by the gravimetric method using an analytical balance of the brand Sartorius Cubis MSA3.6P (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany) with an accuracy of 1 μg. Samples were weighed before and after soaking for 720 h in solutions. Using the weight data, the mass index and the corrosion rate were calculated. These data were obtained from the averages of the mass data of three coated plates.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Morphology and Composition of Coatings

All obtained coatings characteristics are shown in Table 3. The surface morphology of the coating and the films thickness were measured using SEM. Figure 3 shows that the coating material was evenly distributed over the surface of the titanium substrate. The morphology of the coatings has a smooth and dense structure without visible defects. The image shows that on the surface of the samples there are sometimes dome-shaped nuclei. Significant changes in the surface morphology of the coating after alloying with zirconium and chromium are not observed. All coatings showed a similar surface structure. The measured coating thickness was approximately 1.4 µm according to the SEM image.
Figure 4 shows two SPM images of the surface topography (0.5 × 0.5 µm2) of the TiCrCN–1 and TiZrCN–1 coatings. Similar results were obtained for other studied coatings. As can be seen from these figures, the surface of the coating has dense and smooth dome-shaped grains. Comparing the two coatings, it can be seen that TiZrCN-1 exhibits finer crystal grains. This may be due to an increase in carbon in the composition of this coating, as noted in the works [12,32].
Table 4 shows the composition of TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN coatings deposited at different ratios of alloying elements of the sputtered target. Coating composition was determined using EDAX. When alloyed with Cr and Zr, the composition of the coatings undergoes changes. Alloying leads to a decrease in the concentration of titanium and a variation in the concentration of carbon and nitrogen. The concentration of Cr and Zr in the deposited coatings increases with an increase in the number of disks of these metals on the surface of titanium targets. However, with an equal area of disks of alloying elements, the concentration of Zr in the deposited films is lower than the concentration of Cr. This is due to the difference in the sputtering coefficients of these metals. The stoichiometric composition according to the ratio (C + N)/(sum of metals) for TiCN was 0.87. When alloyed with chromium and zirconium, this ratio increased to 0.96 and 2.04, respectively. This behavior is clearly associated with a decrease in the metallic component. It is known that the ratio (C + N)/(sum of metals) should tend to 1, however, the results of some works show good results with a ratio greater than one: (C + N)/(Ti + Al) up to 1.75 [32], (C + N)/(Ti + Zr) up to 2.63 [12], and (C + N)/(Zr + Hf) [29] to 3.1.
Figure 5 shows XRD patterns obtained for TiCN, TiCrCN-1, and TiZrCN-1 coatings. The diffraction patterns show that the following main phases were found in the coatings TiC0.2N0.8 and Ti2CN for TiCN, Cr0.2Ti0.8C, TiC0.25N0.75, Ti2CN for TiCrCN-1, and Ti0.5Zr0.5C0.5N0.5, TiZrC2 for TiZrCN-1. The TiZrCN-1 coating shows a predominant orientation (111), which most likely indicates that in this layer the strain energy is dominant over the surface energy [33]. The diffraction peaks associated with TiZrCN-1 appear to be more intense compared to other coatings. TiCN and TiCrCN-1 coatings are characterized by the dominant crystallographic orientation (200). In TiCrCN-1 coatings, an amorphous halo is slightly noticeable. The amorphous phase is formed at large differences in atomic radii (Ti = 0.147 nm, Cr = 0.130 nm, Zr = 0.160 nm), which creates a strong lattice distortion [34].

3.2. Tribological Testing of Coatings

The wear resistance of TiCN coatings mainly depends on the microstructure, hardness, and adhesion, which are usually measured by determining the coefficient of friction and mass loss during wear [35]. The friction coefficient (CoF) of all coatings was measured relative to balls of Si3N4. The average CoF value was calculated after running a 100 m track. As a rule, the TiCN coating had a low CoF value. Figure 6 shows the graphs of CoF with the average value of all deposited coatings on titanium VT1–0. As can be seen from the results, TiZrCN coatings of 0.17–0.18 have the lowest CoF, while for TiZrCN–1 it is 0.17. In other cases, the CoF is close to 0.2, except for the TiCrCN-2 sample. This coating has a relatively high CoF with an average value of 0.31. The increase in CoF can be associated with a change in the composition at the friction interface between Si3N4 and the surface of the test sample. An increase in CoF after 20 m of track length for the TiCrCN-2 coating confirms the beginning of the coating degradation process, but without serious damage to the coating. The rest of the coatings show low CoF, which indicates a high cohesive and adhesive strength of the coatings formed by the MS method [36].
To compare the results, the wear test of the coatings was carried out under the same conditions in the ball-on-disk system using a Si3N4 counterbody (normal load 1 N, track length 100 m, track radius 7 mm). Table 5 and Figure 7 show these results. All coated specimens show wear tracks with varying groove widths that are parallel to the sliding direction. The presence of grooves parallel to the sliding direction indicates abrasive wear. On the surface of all coatings, debris, and in some places, uneven wear are observed in the place of friction. The TiZrCN coating is characterized by the highest wear resistance among the considered coatings, 3.35 × 10–7 mm3/(m∙N). Perhaps this is due to the low CoF and its high hardness. Comparison of wear track depth in SPM images of TiCrCN and TiZrCN coatings, then TiZrCN confirms the highest wear resistance of TiZrCN, since the wear track is hardly visible on its surface. It should be noted that the TiCrCN coating also has good wear resistance, the value of which is 8.4 × 10–7 mm3/(m∙N). As a result, it was found that coatings with high ratios (C + N)/(sum of metals) can wear out slightly under friction conditions. In addition, these lower CoF and wear rates of the coatings can be explained by lower roughness (Table 3) [37], higher hardness [38], and H/E and H3/E2 values, which are presented in the next paragraph. In this way, alloying of Zr and Cr coatings from titanium carbonitride during their deposition on parts of machines and mechanisms can increase their service life, in comparison with parts coated with unalloyed TiCN films.

3.3. Nanohardness of Coatings

Figure 8 graphically displays the values of nanohardness (H) and Young’s modulus (E), calculated indicators H/E and H3/E2 for all obtained coatings, measured using nanoindentation. As can be seen from Figure 8a, alloying of the coating with Cr and Zr titanium carbonitride leads to an increase in nanohardness. High values are demonstrated by TiCrCN–1 and TiZrCN–1 coating, which have H = 25 GPa and H = 26 GPa, respectively. The Young’s modulus of these coatings showed a high value around E = 250–260 GPa. This may be due to the low CoF and coating composition. The increase in nanohardness may be due to several factors, such as higher content of non-metals (Hall–Petch hardening effect) [39,40], grain reduction (Figure 4), solid solution hardening mechanism [41], and defect hardening mechanism [42], etc. Figure 8b shows the calculated ratios of nanohardness to Young’s modulus, which can be considered as an indicator of good resistance to mechanical degradation and fracture [38]. Higher values (H/E > 0.1) may result in lower wear/loss rates [43]. From this point of view, the highest value of H/E and H3/E2 among the deposited coatings belongs to the TiZrCN–1 coating, which has H/E > 0.1, indicating good fracture resistance. The results of the H/E and H3/E2 values of this coating are correlated and confirmed by wear tests. It is interesting to note that the rest of the coatings have a lower H/E ratio than TiCN, but a higher H3/E2 ratio than TiCN.

3.4. Corrosion Testing of Coatings

Corrosion performance is evaluated using corrosion rate and corrosion mass index. The mass corrosion index (Km) shows how much the mass of the coating under study (∆m) has changed as a result of the corrosion process related to the unit of time (τ) and the metal surface area (S):
Km = ∆m/(S × τ)
Corrosion rate is the result of the effect of corrosion on a metal per unit of time. Using these two indicators of corrosion, dependency graphs were built. Corrosion tests were performed by immersing the obtained coatings into solutions of 0.5 M Na2SO4 and 30% NaCl.
Figure 9 shows the mass index and corrosion rate of all obtained coatings. The graph clearly shows that the corrosion resistance of TiCN coatings in both environments is well improved by alloying them with chromium and zirconium. In addition, in comparison, it is noticeable that the coatings show better resistance in a solution of 0.5 M Na2SO4 than 30% NaCl. According to the results of corrosion tests in the Na2SO4 solution, it was determined that the TiCrCN–2 coating has the lowest corrosion rate of 3.8 × 10–3 mm/year. This is most likely due to the high content of corrosion-resistant chromium (36.7 at.%). In contrast, the most rapidly corroding coating is TiCN, with a corrosion rate of almost 9 × 10–3 mm/year. A possible reason is that the TiCN film thickness is less than TiCrCN and TiZrCN. This means that the active substances can easily penetrate through the coating to the substrate.
It follows from the results of corrosion tests in the NaCl solution that TiZrCN–1 has the lowest corrosion resistance at a rate of 1.2 × 10–2 mm/year. A possible reason for this phenomenon is that the carbon containing crystals in the structure of this coating can prevent the penetration of corrosive substances. Therefore, the NaCl solution had the least effect on this coating.
To summarize the results, it is clear from the corrosion data that the TiCrCN and TiZrCN coatings exhibit better corrosion properties than the TiCN coatings. This can be explained by the fact that alloying with TiCN promotes an increase in carbon and nitrogen in their crystal structure, which reduces the chemical activity [12,44].

4. Conclusions

TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN coatings were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering at direct current on the surface of VT1–0 titanium in a reactive atmosphere of Ar, N2, and C2H2. Five types of coating were deposited with different ratios (C + N)/(sum of metals) from 0.87 to 2.
The tribological and corrosion characteristics of the obtained coatings were studied. It has been determined that the friction coefficient decreases when alloyed with chromium and zirconium; in particular, TiZrCN coatings are characterized by the lowest friction coefficient with respect to the Si3N4 counterbody. Tribological testing showed high wear resistance of TiCrCN (up to 8.4 × 10–7 mm3/(m∙N)) and TiZrCN (up to 3.35 × 10–7 mm3/(m∙N)) coatings. Nanohardness analysis showed that alloying TiCN coatings with zirconium more significantly increases the hardness (26 GPa) compared to alloying with chromium (25 GPa). From the corrosion test results, it was revealed that the TiCrCN and TiZrCN coatings demonstrate better corrosion properties compared to the TiCN coatings in 0.5 M Na2SO4 and 30% NaCl solutions.
In summary, the TiCrCN and TiZrCN coatings showed excellent performance in terms of tribological and corrosion resistance. Summing up the obtained comprehensive test results, we can single out the most preferable composition—the Ti21Zr12C35N32 (TiZrCN–1) coating, which is resistant to wear and corrosion damage. The resulting coatings can be useful as protection for machine parts or tools that are needed to counteract this.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.M., A.P. and A.K.; methodology, A.K.; software, A.K. and N.B.; validation, A.M. and A.P. and W.W.; formal analysis, A.K. and B.K.; investigation, A.M. and A.K.; resources, A.K. and N.B.; data curation, A.M., A.K., A.P. and B.K.; writing—original draft preparation, A.K.; writing—review and editing, N.B. and Z.A.; supervision, A.M.; project administration, A.M.; funding acquisition, A.M. and A.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Grant No. AP08857049.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data and results presented in this study are available in the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.

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Coatings 12 00564 g001 550
Figure 1. Titanium and composite targets after deposition of TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN coatings.
Figure 1. Titanium and composite targets after deposition of TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN coatings.
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Coatings 12 00564 g002 550
Figure 2. Scheme of the process of preparing the substrate and coating deposition.
Figure 2. Scheme of the process of preparing the substrate and coating deposition.
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Coatings 12 00564 g003 550
Figure 3. SEM images of the morphology of deposited coatings on titanium VT1–0 and the coating thickness on a glass substrate: (a) TiCN, (b) TiCrCN-1, (c) TiZrCN-1, and (d) thickness of TiCN coating.
Figure 3. SEM images of the morphology of deposited coatings on titanium VT1–0 and the coating thickness on a glass substrate: (a) TiCN, (b) TiCrCN-1, (c) TiZrCN-1, and (d) thickness of TiCN coating.
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Coatings 12 00564 g004 550
Figure 4. SPM images of the topography of deposited TiCrCN-1 and TiZrCN-1coatings on titanium VT1-0.
Figure 4. SPM images of the topography of deposited TiCrCN-1 and TiZrCN-1coatings on titanium VT1-0.
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Figure 5. XRD patterns obtained for TiCN, TiCrCN-1, and TiZrCN-1 coatings.
Figure 5. XRD patterns obtained for TiCN, TiCrCN-1, and TiZrCN-1 coatings.
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Figure 6. CoF with an average value for TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN coatings on a titanium VT1-0 substrate.
Figure 6. CoF with an average value for TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN coatings on a titanium VT1-0 substrate.
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Figure 7. Optical micrograph and SPM images of the wear track of coatings after tribological tests.
Figure 7. Optical micrograph and SPM images of the wear track of coatings after tribological tests.
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Figure 8. Nanohardness data for TiCN, TiCrCN, TiZrCN coatings on titanium VT1–0: (a) nanohardness and Young’s modulus, (b) H/E and H3/E2 values.
Figure 8. Nanohardness data for TiCN, TiCrCN, TiZrCN coatings on titanium VT1–0: (a) nanohardness and Young’s modulus, (b) H/E and H3/E2 values.
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Figure 9. Corrosion indices of TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN coatings on a substrate of titanium VT1-0.
Figure 9. Corrosion indices of TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN coatings on a substrate of titanium VT1-0.
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Table
Table 1. Chemical composition of the titanium VT1–0 according to GOST 19807-91 [30].
Table 1. Chemical composition of the titanium VT1–0 according to GOST 19807-91 [30].
Titanium BrandThe Content of Elements, No More, wt.%
TiFeSiCONHOther
VT1–099.24–99.7up to 0.20up to 0.1up to 0.07up to 0.2up to 0.04up to 0.01up to 0.10
Table
Table 2. Magnetron sputtering parameters for the deposited coatings.
Table 2. Magnetron sputtering parameters for the deposited coatings.
CoatingCoating Deposition Parameters
Target TypeChamber Pressure, PaFlow of Inert and Reactive Gas, sccmPlasma Current, ASputtering Time, min
TiCNTi0.45Ar = 18; C2H2 = 3.6; N2 = 32120
TiCrCN-1
TiCrCN-2		Ti+Cr(3)
Ti+Cr(5)		0.45Ar = 18; C2H2 = 4.6; N2 = 32120
TiZrCN-1
TiZrCN-2		Ti+Zr(3)
Ti+Zr(5)		0.45Ar =1 8; C2H2 = 4.6; N2 = 32120
Table
Table 3. Value of the thickness, deposition rate, and roughness for the deposited coatings.
Table 3. Value of the thickness, deposition rate, and roughness for the deposited coatings.
CoatingCoating Characteristics
Thickness, μmDeposition Rate, nm/minRoughness Ra, nm
TiCN1.4011.609.78
TiCrCN-11.5512.914.30
TiCrCN-21.6013.407.28
TiZrCN-11.7414.502.50
TiZrCN-21.8115.135.14
Table
Table 4. Elemental composition and (C+N)/(sum of metals) of deposited coatings.
Table 4. Elemental composition and (C+N)/(sum of metals) of deposited coatings.
CoatingElemental Composition of Deposited Coatings, at.%(C + N)/(Sum of Metals)
TiCNCrZr
TiCN53.616.030.4––0.87
TiCrCN-134.128.719.717.5–0.94
TiCrCN-214.226.522.636.7–0.96
TiZrCN-120.834.732.4–12.12.04
TiZrCN-222.317.843.8–16.11.61
Table
Table 5. The results of tribological investigations of TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN coatings.
Table 5. The results of tribological investigations of TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN coatings.
CoatingAverage CoFWear Track Width (mm)Wear Loss Volume (mm3)Coating Wear Rate mm3/(m∙N)
TiCN0.200.21 ± 0.16 × 10–24.81 ± 2.33 × 10–31.9 ± 0.58 × 10–5
TiCrCN-10.200.19 ± 0.17 × 10–213.15 ± 0.6 × 10–58.4 ± 1.22 × 10–7
TiCrCN-20.310.45 ± 0.2 × 10–22.48 ± 1.1 × 10–34.14 ± 1.83 × 10–5
TiZrCN-10.170.15 ± 0.12 × 10–23.3 ± 1.53 × 10–53.35 ± 0.42 × 10–7
TiZrCN-20.180.33 ± 0.02 × 10–211.3 ± 2.3 × 10–45.4 ± 3.9 × 10–6
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Kenzhegulov, A.; Mamaeva, A.; Panichkin, A.; Alibekov, Z.; Kshibekova, B.; Bakhytuly, N.; Wieleba, W. Comparative Study of Tribological and Corrosion Characteristics of TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN Coatings. Coatings 2022, 12, 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050564

AMA Style

Kenzhegulov A, Mamaeva A, Panichkin A, Alibekov Z, Kshibekova B, Bakhytuly N, Wieleba W. Comparative Study of Tribological and Corrosion Characteristics of TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN Coatings. Coatings. 2022; 12(5):564. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050564

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kenzhegulov, Aidar, Axaule Mamaeva, Aleksandr Panichkin, Zhasulan Alibekov, Balzhan Kshibekova, Nauryzbek Bakhytuly, and Wojciech Wieleba. 2022. "Comparative Study of Tribological and Corrosion Characteristics of TiCN, TiCrCN, and TiZrCN Coatings" Coatings 12, no. 5: 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050564

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