RETRACTED: Study on the Removal Efficiency and Mechanism of Tetracycline in Water Using Biochar and Magnetic Biochar
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of BC and MBC
2.3. Characteristics of Materials
2.4. Adsorption Experiments
2.4.1. Batch Experiments
2.4.2. Sorption Kinetics
2.4.3. Adsorption Isotherms and Thermodynamics
2.5. Regeneration of MBC
2.6. Detection Method of Tetracycline
3. Adsorption Results
3.1. Optimal Preparation Conditions for Magnetic Biochar
3.2. The Effect of Adsorbent Dosage on the Efficiency of Removing Tetracycline
3.3. The Effect of pH on the Removal of Tetracycline
3.4. The Effect of Ionic Strength on the Removal Efficiency of Tetracycline
3.5. Recyclability of Biochar/Magnetic Fe3O4/Magnetic Biochar
3.6. Kinetic Analysis of Biochar, Magnetic Fe3O4 and Magnetic Biochar on Tetracycline in Water
3.7. Analysis of Isotherm of Tetracycline in Water by Biochar, Magnetic Fe3O4 and Magnetic Fe3O4 Biochar
4. Characterization of Absorbents
4.1. The Morphology Observation and BET of Biochar, Magnetic Fe3O4 and Magnetic Biochar
4.2. XRD Analysis
4.3. Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis before and after Tetracycline Adsorption
4.4. X-Electron Spectroscopy Analysis before and after Tetracycline Adsorption
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Biochar | Magnetic Fe3O4 | Magnetic Biochar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TC (mg·L−1) | 20 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 50 | 100 |
qm (mg·g−1) 1 | 5.21 | 12.15 | 20.08 | 6.47 | 16.46 | 31.42 | 5.99 | 14.88 | 29.44 |
Pseudo-first-oder K1 (min−1) | 9.40 | 7.97 | 19.07 | 7.93 | 4.90 | 9.81 | 9.10 | 5.33 | 12.36 |
qm (mg·g−1) 2 | 5.16 | 11.79 | 4.09 | 6.46 | 15.89 | 31.13 | 5.98 | 14.46 | 29.22 |
R2 | 0.995 | 0.987 | 0.962 | 0.999 | 0.957 | 0.997 | 0.998 | 0.974 | 0.998 |
Pseudo-second-oder K2 (g·mg−1·min−1) | 6.49 | 1.75 | 0.35 | 4.11 | 0.56 | 1.20 | 5.89 | 0.71 | 1.01 |
qm (mg·g−1) 2 | 5.24 | 12.07 | 20.08 | 6.56 | 16.59 | 31.54 | 6.05 | 15.02 | 29.52 |
R2 | 0.999 | 0.997 | 0.995 | 0.998 | 0.988 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.995 | 0.916 |
Elovich A (g·mg−1·min−1) | 7.43 | 1.04 × 1010 | 3.15 × 104 | 2.154 × 109 | 2.617× 105 | 1.19×1020 | 5.318× 1020 | 1.33 × 106 | 1.57 × 1034 |
Β (mg·g−1) | 8.62 | 2.12 | 0.58 | 3.79 | 0.86 | 1.54 | 8.57 | 1.07 | 2.77 |
R2 | 0.996 | 0.998 | 0.991 | 0.457 | 0.985 | 0.997 | 0.995 | 0.988 | 0.999 |
Models | Parameters | Biochar | Magnetic Fe3O4 | Magnetic Biochar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
298k | 308k | 318k | 298k | 308k | 318k | 298k | 308k | 318k | ||
Langmuir | qm (mg·g−1) | 65.08 | 70.87 | 71.54 | 136.65 | 145.60 | 153.90 | 140.73 | 141.63 | 139.8 |
KL (L·mg−1) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.048 | 0.072 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.10 | |
RL | 0.09–0.71 | 0.068–0.648 | 0.024–0.381 | 0.039–0.508 | 0.027–0.406 | 0.017–0.299 | 0.076–0.673 | 0.043–0.532 | 0.018–0.322 | |
R2 | 0.968 | 0.986 | 0.994 | 0.993 | 0.991 | 0.961 | 0.991 | 0.997 | 0.993 | |
Freundlich | KF (mg1−n·g−1·L−n) | 6.46 | 8.77 | 15.92 | 18.66 | 23.56 | 32.85 | 11.06 | 16.07 | 27.49 |
1/n | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.27 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.35 | |
R2 | 0.867 | 0.904 | 0.885 | 0.934 | 0.963 | 0.966 | 0.925 | 0.943 | 0.939 | |
Sips | qm (mg·g−1) | 57.67 | 69.42 | 70.23 | 140.87 | 171.31 | 212.02 | 128.68 | 144.55 | 152.60 |
KS (L·mg−1) | 0.025 | 0.028 | 0.085 | 0.044 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.29 | 0.041 | 0.081 | |
m | 1.43 | 1.05 | 1.08 | 0.94 | 0.76 | 0.60 | 1.16 | 0.96 | 0.82 | |
R2 | 0.976 | 0.982 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.997 | 0.986 | 0.991 | 0.996 | 0.997 |
Adsorbent | Temperature(K) | ΔG (KJ/mol) | ΔH (KJ/mol) | ΔS (J/mol·k) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Biochar | 298 | −0.85 | 81.44 | 275.19 |
308 | −2.73 | - | - | |
318 | −6.39 | - | - | |
Magnetic Fe3O4 | 298 | −5.96 | 61.57 | 226.12 |
308 | −7.76 | - | - | |
318 | −10.51 | - | - | |
Magnetic biochar | 298 | −3.12 | 76.43 | 265.98 |
308 | −4.88 | - | - | |
318 | −8.48 | - | - |
Samples | Elemen | Bing Energy | FWHM | Area | Area % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biochar (before adsorption) | C1s | 284.8 | 1.56 | 2795.04 | 64.52 |
N1s | 399.91 | 1.68 | 212.64 | 4.91 | |
O1s | 531.84 | 2.55 | 1324.64 | 30.58 | |
Biochar (after adsorption) | C1s | 284.8 | 1.7 | 2676.87 | 65.75 |
N1s | 399.97 | 1.65 | 216.17 | 5.31 | |
O1s | 532.05 | 2.47 | 1178.34 | 28.94 | |
Magnetic Fe3O4 (before adsorption) | C1s | 284.8 | 1.52 | 2156.64 | 59 |
Fe2p | 712.08/720.16 | 4.36 | 196.42 | 5.37 | |
O1s | 531.46 | 2.71 | 1302.17 | 35.62 | |
Magnetic Fe3O4 (after adsorption) | C1s | 284.8 | 1.88 | 3111.49 | 73.39 |
Fe2p | 716.08/724.94 | 4.79 | 38.65 | 0.91 | |
O1s | 532.17 | 2.66 | 1089.67 | 25.7 | |
Magnetic biochar (before adsorption) | C1s | 284.8 | 1.36 | 1337.01 | 34.61 |
Fe2p | 710.08/720.13 | 4.35 | 915.31 | 23.69 | |
O1s | 530.09 | 1.38 | 1611.13 | 41.7 | |
Magnetic biochar(after adsorption) | C1s | 284.8 | 1.52 | 1493.56 | 40.42 |
Fe2p | 712.08/724.78 | 4.07 | 690.75 | 18.69 | |
O1s | 530.12 | 1.5 | 1511.01 | 40.89 |
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Sun, H.; Yang, J.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Cai, C.; Davarpanah, A. RETRACTED: Study on the Removal Efficiency and Mechanism of Tetracycline in Water Using Biochar and Magnetic Biochar. Coatings 2021, 11, 1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111354
Sun H, Yang J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Cai C, Davarpanah A. RETRACTED: Study on the Removal Efficiency and Mechanism of Tetracycline in Water Using Biochar and Magnetic Biochar. Coatings. 2021; 11(11):1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111354
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Hongwei, Jingjie Yang, Yue Wang, Yucan Liu, Chenjian Cai, and Afshin Davarpanah. 2021. "RETRACTED: Study on the Removal Efficiency and Mechanism of Tetracycline in Water Using Biochar and Magnetic Biochar" Coatings 11, no. 11: 1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111354