Assessment of Corrosion Properties of Selected Mineral Waters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Legal Regulations Regarding the Corrosive Properties of Selected Mineral Waters
- Low mineral content—a mineral salt content, calculated as fixed residue, not greater than 500 mg/L;
- Very low mineral content—a mineral salt content, calculated as fixed residue, not greater than 50 mg/L;
- Rich in mineral salts—a mineral salt content, calculated as fixed residue, greater than 1500 mg/L.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Description of the Study Region
3.2. Characteristics of the Research Object
3.3. Methods
3.3.1. Indices Assessing the Corrosive Effect of Water on Water Installations
- Water stability, i.e., the pH value at saturation, defined as follows:pHs = (9.3 + A + B) − (C + D)
- The Langelier index, as used to assess the corrosive effect of water on steel and galvanized installations, calculated in line with a formula in the standard [34] as follows:IL = pH0 − pHs
- The Ryznar index, based on the same assumptions as IL and otherwise known as the Ryznar stability index. The method of calculation combines analytical data with theories about the saturation of water in calcium carbonate, with the aim of predicting the tendency for sediment to form as well as the corrosiveness of water relative to carbon steel. The Ryznar index is calculated in line with the following formula:IR = 2 pHS − pH0
- The Larson and Skold index, used to assess the effect of chloride and sulfate ions on an installation, is expressed by the following formula:
- The S2 indicator assessing the occurrence of selective corrosion in hot-dip galvanized iron pipes, as used to assess the possibility of intercrystalline corrosion of zinc, where water has an elevated content of NO3− ions, and based on the following formula:
- The S3 evaluation index for the occurrence of pitting corrosion in pipes made of copper, used to assess corrosiveness in the case of an installation made of copper and described by the following formula:
3.3.2. Criteria for Assessing the Corrosion Resistance of Individual Materials
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Corrosiveness Indices for Bottled Mineral Waters
4.2. Results for Assessment of the Resistance of Installation Materials to the Corrosive Effects of Mineral Waters
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No. of Sample | pH | Ca2+ | HCO3− | Cl− | SO42− | NO3− |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | |
1 | 7.1 | 110.92 | 1216 | 48 | 160 | 0.00000 |
2 | 7.6 | 94.2 | 260.1 | 15.5 | 24.5 | 0.00645 |
3 | 7.4 | 72.14 | 421.5 | 180.7 | 17.28 | 0.00000 |
4 | 7.1 | 119.28 | 378.31 | 31.91 | 140.4 | 0.00000 |
5 | 7 | 70.86 | 514.07 | 17.73 | 40 | 0.00000 |
6 | 6.49 | 222.8 | 1256 | 6.5 | 29.5 | 0.00000 |
7 | 7.1 | 148 | 522 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 0.04677 |
8 | 7.6 | 44.7 | 0 | 17.7 | 125 | 0.00000 |
9 | 5.5 | 90.18 | 512 | 1.56 | 19.8 | 0.00000 |
10 | 6.7 | 68.3 | 271 | 3.2 | 29.2 | 0.00161 |
11 | 7.5 | 17 | 237.97 | 41.47 | 122 | 0.00000 |
12 | 5.4 | 97.19 | 311.19 | 13.1 | 50.2 | 0.00000 |
13 | 7 | 159.1 | 613 | 28.23 | 51.7 | 0.00000 |
14 | 6.31 | 210 | 1500 | 8.5 | 19 | 0.00000 |
15 | 7.4 | 59.12 | 190.6 | 5.3 | 14 | 0.00000 |
16 | 6.5 | 84.17 | 415.53 | 5.3 | 0.00000 | |
17 | 6.64 | 104.3 | 897 | 146 | 16.14 | 0.00000 |
18 | 7.7 | 90.68 | 270 | 8.2 | 57.3 | 0.00000 |
19 | - | 157.31 | 450.5 | 496.3 | 179 | 0.00000 |
20 | 6.5 | 60.12 | 107.39 | 42.89 | 160.48 | 0.00000 |
21 | 9.2 | 10 | 357.8 | 26.4 | 7.81 | 0.00000 |
22 | 7.2 | 66.9 | 342 | 7.5 | 37.3 | 0.00161 |
23 | - | 71.14 | 331.9 | 10.3 | 52.05 | 0.00000 |
24 | 7.2 | 87.7 | 387.5 | 7.4 | - | 0.00000 |
25 | 5.7 | 86.97 | 360.01 | 5.32 | 12.6 | 0.04032 |
26 | 8.32 | 42.08 | 378.5 | 8.86 | 46.5 | 0.00000 |
27 | 7.6 | 41 | 219 | 2 | 37 | 0.04677 |
28 | 7.5 | 160 | 1074 | 6.3 | 16.2 | 0.00000 |
29 | 6.1 | 340.4 | 1510.2 | 7.3 | 4.5 | 0.00000 |
30 | 6.16 | 436.87 | 1818.34 | 8.86 | 19.58 | 0.00000 |
31 | 6.31 | 174.11 | 470.44 | 1659.2 | 55 | 0.00000 |
32 | 7.3 | 76.15 | 500.3 | 11.3 | 10.58 | 0.00323 |
33 | 6.5 | 152.3 | 222.59 | 89.3 | 192.38 | 0.00000 |
34 | 8 | 196.39 | 499.7 | 301.3 | 85.08 | 0.00000 |
35 | 7.4 | 456.5 | 1836 | 5.6 | 3 | 0.00000 |
36 | 6.5 | 657.3 | 2440.7 | 5.3 | 50.9 | 0.00000 |
37 | 6.5 | 302.6 | 1280.6 | 12.9 | 40.53 | 0.00000 |
38 | 5.6 | 206.1 | 1158 | - | 3 | 0.00000 |
39 | 6.3 | 208 | 1289 | 12.9 | 21.8 | 0.00000 |
40 | 6.5 | 228.6 | 1479.9 | 17.7 | 16.3 | 0.00000 |
41 | 6.4 | 234.7 | 3060 | 16 | 5.2 | 0.00000 |
42 | 7.5 | 110.2 | 453.7 | 9.2 | - | 0.00000 |
43 | 7 | 96.2 | 396.6 | - | - | 0.06452 |
44 | 7.96 | 66 | 251 | 5 | 8 | 0.00000 |
45 | 7.3 | 68.14 | 253.71 | 10.98 | 11.32 | 0.00000 |
46 | 6.17 | 155 | 1147 | 7.8 | 17 | 0.00000 |
47 | 6.62 | 123 | 330 | 38 | 91 | 0.00000 |
48 | 7 | 130.3 | 539.1 | - | - | 0.00000 |
49 | 7.5 | 88.98 | 414.92 | 5.32 | 29.24 | 0.00000 |
50 | 7.59 | 46.67 | 187.9 | 115.2 | 1425 | 0.00000 |
51 | 6.3 | 180 | 1260 | - | 30 | 0.00000 |
52 | 6.4 | 161.1 | 625 | 28.61 | 51.6 | 0.00000 |
53 | 6.81 | 120 | 927 | 27 | 100 | 0.00000 |
54 | 6.5 | 218 | 866 | 2 | 14 | 0.00000 |
55 | 7.55 | 92.18 | 418.95 | 3.8 | - | 0.00000 |
56 | 7.52 | 94.2 | 246 | 11.6 | 90.12 | 0.00000 |
57 | 7 | 97.2 | 440 | 36.2 | 20 | 0.00000 |
58 | 7.5 | 103 | 403 | 7.1 | 35 | 0.00000 |
59 | 7.89 | 152.7 | 1141 | 7 | 17.4 | 0.00000 |
60 | 7.4 | 107.2 | 334.8 | 39.7 | 97.68 | 0.00000 |
61 | 5.82 | 165.38 | 737 | 7 | 32 | 0.00000 |
62 | 6.3 | 124 | 529 | 6.6 | 32 | 0.00000 |
63 | 6.09 | 220.4 | 1147.4 | 6.9 | 20.2 | 0.00000 |
64 | 6.71 | 57.9 | 148 | 9.48 | 29 | 0.00000 |
65 | 5.5 | 319 | 1639 | 2.7 | 30 | 0.00000 |
66 | 7.6 | 309 | 1590 | 2.9 | 30 | 0.00000 |
67 | 7.6 | 82.16 | 344.3 | 41.48 | 84.48 | 0.00000 |
68 | 7.6 | 84.17 | 325.8 | 6.75 | 37.04 | 0.00000 |
69 | 6.4 | 166 | 613 | 31 | 55 | 0.00000 |
70 | 7.4 | 117 | 295 | 26.7 | 48.8 | 0.04677 |
71 | 7.4 | 76.95 | 390 | 10.3 | 1.6 | 0.00000 |
72 | 7.54 | 184.4 | 705.6 | 6.4 | 27.8 | 0.00000 |
73 | 7.4 | 62.12 | 416.8 | 131.2 | 15.43 | 0.00000 |
74 | 7.59 | 98.2 | 365.1 | 32.3 | 84.97 | 0.00000 |
75 | 6.06 | 142.5 | 1665.8 | 319.1 | 11.5 | 0.00710 |
76 | 5.1 | 50.2 | 341.7 | 7 | 22.8 | 0.01135 |
77 | 6.74 | 40.08 | 183.05 | 37.23 | 19.1 | 0.00000 |
78 | 7.89 | 114 | 729.5 | 9 | 26 | 0.00000 |
Dry Residue [mg/dm3] | A | Temperature [°C] | B | The Content Of Calcium [mgCa2+/dm3] | C | General Alkalinity [mval/dm3] | D |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50–400 | 0.1 | 0–1.1 | 2.6 | 4.0–4.4 | 0.6 | 0.20–0.22 | 1.0 |
400–1000 | 0.2 | 2.2–5.6 | 2.5 | 4.8–5.2 | 0.7 | 0.22–0.26 | 1.1 |
- | - | 6.7–8.9 | 2.4 | 5.6–6.8 | 0.8 | 0.28–0.34 | 1.2 |
- | - | 10.0–13.3 | 2.3 | 7.2–8.8 | 0.9 | 0.36–0.44 | 1.3 |
- | - | 14.5–16.7 | 2.2 | 9.2–10.8 | 1.0 | 0.46–0.54 | 1.4 |
- | - | 17.8–21.1 | 2.1 | 11.2–13.6 | 1.1 | 0.56–0.70 | 1.5 |
- | - | 22.2–26.7 | 2.0 | 14.0–17.2 | 1.2 | 0.72–0.88 | 1.6 |
- | - | 27.8–31.1 | 1.9 | 17.6–22.0 | 1.3 | 0.90–1.10 | 1.7 |
- | - | 32.2–36.5 | 1.8 | 22.4–27.6 | 1.4 | 1.12–1.38 | 1.8 |
- | - | 37.8–43.3 | 1.7 | 28.0–34.8 | 1.5 | 1.40–1.76 | 1.9 |
- | - | 44.4–50.0 | 1.6 | 35.2–44.0 | 1.6 | 1.78–2.20 | 2.0 |
- | - | - | - | 44.4–55.2 | 1.7 | 2.22–2.78 | 2.1 |
- | - | - | - | 55.6–69.6 | 1.8 | 2.81–3.52 | 2.2 |
- | - | - | - | 70.0–88.0 | 1.9 | 3.54–4.40 | 2.3 |
- | - | - | - | 92.0–109 | 2.0 | 4.60–5.40 | 2.4 |
- | - | - | - | 112–136 | 2.1 | 5.60–7.00 | 2.5 |
- | - | - | - | 140–172 | 2.2 | 7.20–8.80 | 2.6 |
- | - | - | - | 176–220 | 2.3 | 9.00–11.0 | 2.7 |
- | - | - | - | 224–276 | 2.4 | 11.2–13.8 | 2.8 |
- | - | - | - | 280–348 | 2.5 | 14.0–17.6 | 2.9 |
- | - | - | - | 352–400 | 2.6 | 17.8–20.0 | 3.0 |
No. of Sample | Installation Material | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copper | Galvanized Iron | Stainless Steel | Acid-Resistant Steel | Cast Iron | Low-Alloy Steel | Nonalloy Steel | |
1 | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
2 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
3 | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
4 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
5 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
6 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
7 | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
8 | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | ✓ | - | - |
9 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
10 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
11 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
12 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
13 | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
14 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
15 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
16 | - | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
17 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
18 | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
19 | - | - | - | X | - | - | - |
20 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
21 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
22 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
23 | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - |
24 | - | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
25 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
26 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
27 | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
28 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
29 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
30 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
31 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
32 | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
33 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
34 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X |
35 | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
36 | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | X |
37 | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | X |
38 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
39 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
40 | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | X |
41 | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | X |
42 | - | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
43 | - | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
44 | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
45 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
46 | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | X |
47 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
48 | - | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
49 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
50 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
51 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
52 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
53 | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | X |
54 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
55 | - | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
56 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
57 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
58 | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - |
59 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
60 | - | - | - | ✓ | - | - | - |
61 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
62 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
63 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
64 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
65 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
66 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
67 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
68 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
69 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
70 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
71 | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
72 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
73 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
74 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
75 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
76 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
77 | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
78 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
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Place of Exploitation/ Name of Source | pH | Ca2+ | HCO3− | Cl− | SO42− | NO3− |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | |
Malopolskie Spring No. 1, 2, 6, 7, 9) | 5.7 | 86.97 | 360.01 | 5.32 | 12.6 | 2.5 |
Malopolskie source W-12, W-24 | 6.06 | 142.5 | 1665.8 | 319.1 | 11.5 | 0.44 |
Malopolskie R1 | 5.1 | 50.2 | 341.7 | 7 | 22.8 | 0.71 |
. . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
Malopolskie source Z-3, Z-3A | 7.89 | 114 | 729.5 | 9 | 26 | 0 |
Type of Installation Material | Parameter | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL | IR | S1 | S2 | S3 | |
Copper and its alloys | - | - | - | - | >2 |
Hot-dip galvanized iron | > −0.5 | - | <3 | <2 | - |
Stainless steel | >0 | - | <1 | - | - |
Acid-resistant steel | [Cl−] < 6 mol/m3 | ||||
Cast iron | - | - | <1 | - | - |
Low-alloy steel | >0 | - | <1 | - | - |
Nonalloy steel | >0 | <6 | <1 | - | - |
Place of Exploitation/ Name of Source | Installation Material | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copper | Galvanized Iron | Stainless Steel | Acid-Resistant Steel | Cast Iron | Low-Alloy Steel | Nonalloy Steel | |
1th sample | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
2nd sample | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
3rd sample | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
. . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
77th sample | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
78th sample | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
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Pietrucha-Urbanik, K.; Skowrońska, D.; Papciak, D. Assessment of Corrosion Properties of Selected Mineral Waters. Coatings 2020, 10, 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060571
Pietrucha-Urbanik K, Skowrońska D, Papciak D. Assessment of Corrosion Properties of Selected Mineral Waters. Coatings. 2020; 10(6):571. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060571
Chicago/Turabian StylePietrucha-Urbanik, Katarzyna, Dominika Skowrońska, and Dorota Papciak. 2020. "Assessment of Corrosion Properties of Selected Mineral Waters" Coatings 10, no. 6: 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060571
APA StylePietrucha-Urbanik, K., Skowrońska, D., & Papciak, D. (2020). Assessment of Corrosion Properties of Selected Mineral Waters. Coatings, 10(6), 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060571