Stability, Homogeneity and Carry-Over of Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Florfenicol and Flubendazole in Medicated Feed and Drinking Water on 24 Pig Farms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Medicated Feed
2.2. Medicated Drinking Water
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sample Collection
4.2. Sample Analysis
4.2.1. Reagents and Standards
4.2.2. Quantification of AMO, DOX, FLOR, and FLU Using LC–MS/MS and UPLC–UV
4.2.3. Method Validation
4.3. Data Processing and Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Farm Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active Compound | AMO | AMO | AMO | AMO | AMO | AMO | AMO | DOX | DOX | DOX | FLOR |
Start_b | 113.3 | 51.4 | 240.9 | 272.3 | 138.3 | 237.3 | 51.5 | 219.5 | 153.7 | 288.6 | 191.4 |
Start_m | 133.3 | 212.1 | 261.2 | 271.8 | 235.1 | 239.5 | 52.9 | 378.3 | 194.0 | 259.8 | 195.0 |
Start_e | 126.0 | 214.0 | 242.1 | 261.6 | 176.4 | 223.7 | 50.5 | 324.5 | 265.4 | 263.4 | 172.4 |
Half_b | 119.1 | 1.9 | 241.2 | 261.1 | 251.0 | 235.3 | 247.4 | 294.8 | 233.0 | 269.7 | 201.6 |
Half_m | 114.0 | ND | 239.7 | 260.7 | 225.7 | 239.6 | 241.4 | 327.8 | 191.9 | 361.9 | 189.8 |
Half_e | 268.9 | ND | 238.0 | 260.2 | 256.5 | 235.3 | 240.2 | 299.3 | 193.7 | 293.3 | 158.2 |
End_b | 245.6 | 119.1 | 251.9 | 259.3 | 242.8 | 199.2 | 242.3 | 301.4 | 157.5 | 265.5 | 182.9 |
End_m | 222.0 | 137.5 | 245.3 | 173.0 | 253.5 | 213.2 | 226.0 | 379.6 | 117.1 | 276.1 | 194.4 |
End_e | 245.1 | 149.7 | 271.2 | 86.7 | 231.4 | 235.6 | 236.7 | 316.9 | 179.9 | 277.2 | 191.7 |
Res_b | ND | ND | 0.2 | 0.3 | ND | 0.9 | 239.4 | ND | ND | ND | 0.9 |
Res_m | ND | 0.2 | 0.7 | ND | ND | 1.1 | 251.8 | ND | ND | ND | 2.2 |
Res_e | ND | 0.3 | ND | ND | ND | 1.3 | 109.2 | ND | ND | ND | 1.0 |
Theoretical mean daily dose (mg/kg BW) | 6.30 | 4.52 | 7.93 | 7.80 | 7.15 | 12.83 | 9.90 | 8.19 | 10.51 | 10.14 | 4.83 |
Theoretical Cpss (mg/L) | 0.10 | 0.074 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.42 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.65 |
Farm Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active Compound | AMO | AMO | AMO | AMO | AMO | DOX | DOX | DOX | DOX | DOX | FLOR | FLOR | FLU |
Cther_b | 149.9 | 69.5 | 210.7 | 206.2 | 284.2 | 3.9 | 166.9 | 253.7 | 189.4 | 220.3 | 55.8 | 103.7 | 2.6 |
Cther_m | 50.9 | 52.5 | 379.6 | 153.8 | 357.7 | 9.0 | 144.1 | 247.0 | 278.4 | 230.4 | 58.2 | 107.1 | 1.9 |
Cther_e | ND | 62.5 | 154.1 | 117.0 | 343.4 | 5.8 | 123.5 | 193.0 | 143.7 | 204.4 | 53.0 | 77.8 | 0.5 |
Cpre_3h | 3492 | 1882 | 5896 | 4064 | 3454 | 2418 | 5453 | 9304 | / | / | 7032 | 1217 | 523.0 |
Cpre_stab | ND | 2927 | 4972 | 4094 | 3561 | 147 | 3388 | 9331 | / | / | NA | 8023 | 685.0 |
Ctank_3h | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | 172.4 | 1009 | / | / | / |
Ctank_stab | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | 181.2 | ND | / | / | / |
Cres_b | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 143.4 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Cres_m | ND | ND | 0.4 | ND | ND | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 452.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Cres_e | ND | 0.9 | ND | ND | ND | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 30.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Type of mixing | MP | EP | MP | MP | MP | EP | MP | MP | tank | tank | MP | EP | EP |
Theoretical mean daily dose (mg/kg BW) | 12.2 | 5.3 | 21.9 | 16.9 | 34.2 | 0.59 | 15.8 | 38.5 | 25.5 | 19.3 | 6.6 | 8.8 | / |
Theoretical Cpss (mg/L) | 0.20 | 0.086 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.56 | 0.031 | 0.82 | 2.00 | 1.32 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 1.17 | / |
Chemical Parameter | Reference * | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ammonium (mg/L) | ≤2 | 0.51 | 0.16 | 0.48 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.11 | <0.10 | 0.41 | <0.10 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.51 |
Chlorides (mg/L) | ≤250 | 21.9 | 75.5 | 15.4 | 36.32 | 66.9 | 36.32 | 52.84 | 54.8 | 304.3 | 36.8 | 33.4 | 124.80 | 71.61 | 75.52 | 15.40 | 304.30 |
Manganese (mg/L) | ≤1 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | 0.16 | 0.67 | 0.16 | 0.12 | <0.02 | <0.02 | <0.02 | 0.1 | 0.10 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.67 |
Sodium (mg/L) | ≤400 | 104 | 113 | 38.9 | 25.8 | 50 | 25.8 | 34.63 | 28.1 | 446.1 | 22.9 | 26.9 | 35.8 | 79.33 | 114.36 | 22.90 | 446.10 |
Nitrates (mg/L) | ≤200 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 11.83 | <10 | <10 | 83.31 | <10 | 21.19 | <10 | 38.8 | 38.78 | 27.47 | 11.83 | 83.31 |
Nitrites (mg/L) | ≤0.5 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 |
pH (25 °C) | 4–9 | 8 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 8 | 7.1 | 8.3 | 7.2 | 7.37 | 0.65 | 6.00 | 8.30 |
Sulfates (mg/L) | ≤250 | 16.4 | 81.74 | 5.92 | 76.2 | 87.53 | 76.2 | 69.5 | 70.1 | 192.52 | 44.7 | <5.0 | 61.4 | 71.11 | 45.94 | 5.92 | 192.52 |
Total iron (mg/L) | ≤2.5 | <0.20 | <0.20 | 1.3 | 0.8 | <0.20 | 0.8 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | 0.97 | 0.24 | 0.80 | 1.30 |
Total hardness (°D) | ≤20 | 4.4 | 17.2 | 12.5 | 10.8 | 18.2 | 10.8 | <3.7 | 9.7 | <3.7 | 18.8 | <3.7 | 9.2 | 12.40 | 4.53 | 4.40 | 18.80 |
Pathogen | AMO | DOX | FLOR |
---|---|---|---|
Streptococcus suis | 0.06 | 16 | 2 |
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae | 32 | 2.34 | 0.5 |
Bordetella bronchiseptica | 4 * | 0.5 | 4 |
Pasteurella multocida | 4 | 0.52 | 0.5 |
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Vandael, F.; de Carvalho Ferreira, H.C.; Devreese, M.; Dewulf, J.; Daeseleire, E.; Eeckhout, M.; Croubels, S. Stability, Homogeneity and Carry-Over of Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Florfenicol and Flubendazole in Medicated Feed and Drinking Water on 24 Pig Farms. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 563. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090563
Vandael F, de Carvalho Ferreira HC, Devreese M, Dewulf J, Daeseleire E, Eeckhout M, Croubels S. Stability, Homogeneity and Carry-Over of Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Florfenicol and Flubendazole in Medicated Feed and Drinking Water on 24 Pig Farms. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(9):563. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090563
Chicago/Turabian StyleVandael, Femke, Helena Cardoso de Carvalho Ferreira, Mathias Devreese, Jeroen Dewulf, Els Daeseleire, Mia Eeckhout, and Siska Croubels. 2020. "Stability, Homogeneity and Carry-Over of Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Florfenicol and Flubendazole in Medicated Feed and Drinking Water on 24 Pig Farms" Antibiotics 9, no. 9: 563. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090563