Involvement of hpap2 and dgkA Genes in Colistin Resistance Mediated by mcr Determinants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Genes Closely Linked to Colistin Resistance Determinants Are Widely Conserved among Members of the mcr/Epta Family
2.2. Functionality of Plasmids Carrying mcr Genetic Elements
2.3. Expression of hpap2 or dgkA Is Not Essential, Although It Slightly Increases Resistance to Colistin in E. coli
2.4. Expression of mcr Downregulates Genes for Phospholipid Metabolism Enzymes
2.5. Expression of mcr Genes, But Not hpap2, Confers Bacitracin Resistance
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plasmid Constructs, Strains, and Growth Conditions
4.2. Quantitative PCR
4.3. Determination of Antibiotic Resistance
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Locus | Sequence 5′–3′ 1 | Size 2 | E 3 | Corr. 4 | Slope 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
mcr1c | F: AGTAGGAATTCATGATGCAGCATACTTCTG R: TAAGTCGACTGGAGTGTGCGGTGGGTTTGG | 1685 | - | - | - |
mcr1pap2c | F: AGTAGGAATTCATGATGCAGCATACTTCTG R: AAAGTCGACTGAAAAAACCGTTCCGTAATA | 2493 | - | - | - |
pap2c | F: CCATTGAATTCATGGGCGGTGGGGTGGG R: AAAGTCGACTGAAAAAACCGTTCCGTAATA | 820 | - | - | - |
mcr3c | F: ATGGAGAATTCATGCCTTCCCTTATAAAAATA R: CCATGAAATACGTCGACAATAGTAATAAACCT | 1714 | - | - | - |
mcr3dgkAc | F: ATGGAGAATTCATGCCTTCCCTTATAAAAATA R: AAAGGTCGACCTTATAATTAGCATCTATTGTT | 2233 | - | - | - |
arnBq | F: ATTGGCAAGGGCGATGAA R: AGGCGTGACCATCAGCGTAT | 126 | 102.55 | 0.997 | −3.26 |
bacAq | F: CCGCGTGCGCCGGGTCTT R: ACCCGGCCACAGCGCCAG | 84 | 103.5 | 0.999 | −3.24 |
dgkAq | F: CTCAATAGCGCCATCGAAGC R: CGACGATAATGGCAATCAGCAC | 112 | 100.64 | 0.997 | −3.31 |
eptAq | F: ACGGCAACGGCAGTTT R: CCGCTCGCTGAATGATATCCA | 112 | 95.1 | 0.996 | −3.44 |
lpxTq | F: TGCTCTCTGTTCCCACGAAA R: ATAACGCCACATGAATGCC | 95 | 99.32 | 0.998 | −3.34 |
mcr1q | F: CATCGCTCAAAGTATCCAGT R: ACCATGTAGATAGACACCGTTC | 115 | 97.307 | 0.999 | −3.39 |
mcr3q | F: GACCGAGTACCTAACATCGAA R: CCTCGTCATAGCATGTGT | 76 | 101.6 | 0.999 | −3.28 |
pgpBq | F: GGCCGCGTCGGCGAACGT R: GCAGCAGGCGGCTTCCCA | 75 | 101.0 | 0.998 | −3.30 |
pmrRq | F: ATGAAAAACCGTGTTTATGA R: TCAGTACGTGGCAAACCA | 90 | 103.9 | 0.999 | −3.23 |
recAq | F: GTATGATGAGCCAGGCGATGC R: GCGCGTTACCACCGGTAGTG | 138 | 100.38 | 1.0 | −3.31 |
ybjGq | F: ACGCGACGCCAGACTCGG R: CACGGCCAGCAACGGCAC | 89 | 101.2 | 0.999 | −3.30 |
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Gallardo, A.; Ugarte-Ruiz, M.; Hernández, M.; Miguela-Villoldo, P.; Rodríguez-Lázaro, D.; Domínguez, L.; Quesada, A. Involvement of hpap2 and dgkA Genes in Colistin Resistance Mediated by mcr Determinants. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090531
Gallardo A, Ugarte-Ruiz M, Hernández M, Miguela-Villoldo P, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Domínguez L, Quesada A. Involvement of hpap2 and dgkA Genes in Colistin Resistance Mediated by mcr Determinants. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(9):531. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090531
Chicago/Turabian StyleGallardo, Alejandro, María Ugarte-Ruiz, Marta Hernández, Pedro Miguela-Villoldo, David Rodríguez-Lázaro, Lucas Domínguez, and Alberto Quesada. 2020. "Involvement of hpap2 and dgkA Genes in Colistin Resistance Mediated by mcr Determinants" Antibiotics 9, no. 9: 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090531