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Antibiotics
Volume 9
Issue 2
10.3390/antibiotics9020097
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Article

Public Awareness and Practices towards Self-Medication with Antibiotics among the Malaysian Population. A Development of Questionnaire and Pilot-Testing

by
Adeel Aslam
1,
Márió Gajdács
2,3,
Che Suraya Zin
1,
Norny Syafinaz Binti Abd Rahman
1,
Syed Imran Ahmed
4 and
Shazia Qasim Jamshed
1,5,*
1
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang 25200, Malaysia
2
Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
3
Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
4
Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
5
Qualitative Research-Methodological Application in Health Sciences Research Group, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kauantan, Pahang 25200, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antibiotics 2020, 9(2), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020097
Submission received: 24 December 2019 / Revised: 1 February 2020 / Accepted: 7 February 2020 / Published: 24 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance: From the Bench to Patients)
Versions Notes

Abstract

It is well documented that injudicious antibiotic use and practicing self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) can lead to antibiotic resistance. The objective was to validate and develop an instrument in Bahasa Melayu to assess the awareness and practices towards SMA in the Malaysian population. A pilot study was conducted among 100 Malaysians participants. Reliability testing in terms of test-retest, internal consistency, and content validity was performed. One-way ANOVA and t-test were applied to determine significant differences between groups. A panel of nine experts evaluated the research instrument for content validity and it was found to have strong content item validity (Indices = 1). Each domain (level of knowledge and understanding about antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance: Practice towards self-medication) showed good internal consistency of Cronbach’s alpha 0.658 and 0.90. While test-retest reliability value for each domain was 0.773 (p = 0.009), and 0.891 (p = 0.001. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) for level of knowledge about antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance was 21.8 ± 7.02 and for practice scores (SMA) 6.03 ± 2.30. The instrument established sound reliability and validity and, therefore, can be an effective tool for assessing public awareness, and practices toward self-medication with antibiotics in the Malaysian population.
Keywords: self-medication; antibiotics; reliability; validity self-medication; antibiotics; reliability; validity

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Aslam, A.; Gajdács, M.; Zin, C.S.; Binti Abd Rahman, N.S.; Ahmed, S.I.; Jamshed, S.Q. Public Awareness and Practices towards Self-Medication with Antibiotics among the Malaysian Population. A Development of Questionnaire and Pilot-Testing. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020097

AMA Style

Aslam A, Gajdács M, Zin CS, Binti Abd Rahman NS, Ahmed SI, Jamshed SQ. Public Awareness and Practices towards Self-Medication with Antibiotics among the Malaysian Population. A Development of Questionnaire and Pilot-Testing. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(2):97. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020097

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aslam, Adeel, Márió Gajdács, Che Suraya Zin, Norny Syafinaz Binti Abd Rahman, Syed Imran Ahmed, and Shazia Qasim Jamshed. 2020. "Public Awareness and Practices towards Self-Medication with Antibiotics among the Malaysian Population. A Development of Questionnaire and Pilot-Testing" Antibiotics 9, no. 2: 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020097

APA Style

Aslam, A., Gajdács, M., Zin, C. S., Binti Abd Rahman, N. S., Ahmed, S. I., & Jamshed, S. Q. (2020). Public Awareness and Practices towards Self-Medication with Antibiotics among the Malaysian Population. A Development of Questionnaire and Pilot-Testing. Antibiotics, 9(2), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020097

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