Honey: Another Alternative in the Fight against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Factors Involved in Antibacterial Activity of Honey
2.1. Phisicochemical Characteristics with Antibacterial Effects
2.1.1. Osmotic Pressure and Low Water Activity
2.1.2. Acidity and Low pH
2.2. Compounds with Antibacterial Effects
2.2.1. Hydrogen Peroxide
2.2.2. Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids
2.2.3. Methylglyoxal
2.2.4. Bee Defensin-1 Peptide
3. How Honey Acts against Bacteria: Antibacterial Action Mechanisms
3.1. Structural and Morphological Changes
3.2. Alterations of Bacterial Membrane Potential
3.3. Bacterial Cell Cycle and Cell Growth Changes
3.4. Disruption of Bacterial Metabolism
3.5. Effect on Efflux Pumps Activity
3.6. Bacterial Quorum Sensing Alterations
3.7. Biofilm Inhibition
3.8. Effects on Bacterial Stress Response
4. Honey against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Honey Type. | Microorganism | Type of Study | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Manuka | MRSA | in vivo hydroxyurea-induced leg ulcer leg ulcer | [93] [101] |
in vitro | [24,69,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,113] | ||
VRSA | in vitro | [91] | |
VRE | in vitro | [100] | |
ESBL-E. coli | in vitro | [94,102] | |
ESBL-K. pneumoniae | in vitro | [94,103,104] | |
CARB-K. pneumoniae | in vitro | [94] | |
MDR-P. aeruginosa | |||
Ureaplasma parvum U. urealyticum | in vitro | [105] | |
Medihoney | Bacteria related to catheterization infections | in vivo catheterization infections | [106] |
Revamil | MRSA MRSE ESBL-E. coli ESBL-P. aeruginosa ESBL-E. cloacae ESBL-K. oxytoca VREF | in vitro | [60,61,107] |
Colonizing skin bacteria | in vivo skin colonization | [107] | |
L-Mesitran | MRSA | in vitro | [99] |
MDR-P. aeruginosa MDR-streptococci AR-polymicrobial infection PR-polymicrobial infection MDR-E. coli | in vivo chronic diabetic ulcers | [108] | |
Aromatic-and-medicinal-plants honey | MDR-E. coli | in vitro | [109] |
MDR-S. aureus | |||
MDR-Bacillus spp. | |||
MDR-P. aeruginosa | |||
Ulmo tree | MRSA | in vitro | [110] |
Sweet clover Blueberry Buckwheat | MRSA VREF | in vitro | [111] |
Black seed Beri Shain | MRSA | in vitro | [112] |
Blossom Heather Highland Portobello | PR-A. calcoaceticus PR-S. aureus PR-P. aeruginosa PR-E. coli | in vitro | [38] |
Sage Chestnut Locust tree Lime tree Indigo bush Rapeseed Maple Mint Spring and Autumn pasture Maple Fir honeydew | MRSA MDR-P. aeruginosa ESBL-E. coli MDR-A. baumannii | in vitro | [114] |
Agastache Tea-tree Jelly bush Jarrah | MRSA | in vitro | [69] |
Avocado Chestnut Eucalyptus Rosemary Thyme Polyfloral | MRSA MDR-S. pyogenes MDR-E. coli MDR-P. aeruginosa | in vitro | [30] |
Germania | MRSA | in vitro | [113] |
5. What about Honey-Resistance Acquisition?
6. Limitations of the Use of Honey in Therapy
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Combarros-Fuertes, P.; Fresno, J.M.; Estevinho, M.M.; Sousa-Pimenta, M.; Tornadijo, M.E.; Estevinho, L.M. Honey: Another Alternative in the Fight against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria? Antibiotics 2020, 9, 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110774
Combarros-Fuertes P, Fresno JM, Estevinho MM, Sousa-Pimenta M, Tornadijo ME, Estevinho LM. Honey: Another Alternative in the Fight against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria? Antibiotics. 2020; 9(11):774. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110774
Chicago/Turabian StyleCombarros-Fuertes, Patricia, José M. Fresno, Maria Manuela Estevinho, Mário Sousa-Pimenta, M. Eugenia Tornadijo, and Leticia M. Estevinho. 2020. "Honey: Another Alternative in the Fight against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria?" Antibiotics 9, no. 11: 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110774
APA StyleCombarros-Fuertes, P., Fresno, J. M., Estevinho, M. M., Sousa-Pimenta, M., Tornadijo, M. E., & Estevinho, L. M. (2020). Honey: Another Alternative in the Fight against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria? Antibiotics, 9(11), 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110774