Lessons from Four Years (2021–2024) of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Resistance Surveillance Epidemiological Trends in a Romanian Intensive Care Unit
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
- -
- Demographic details, specifically patient age and sex;
- -
- Date of sample collection, used to determine the year of isolation;
- -
- Specimen type, categorized based on the anatomical source (e.g., tracheal aspirate, blood, urine, catheter tip, and wound exudate);
- -
- Antimicrobial resistance phenotype of the isolate;
- -
- Type of infection, where explicitly noted in the clinical record (e.g., ventilator-associated pneumonia and bloodstream infection).
- -
- MDR (Multidrug-Resistant): Resistance to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial classes.
- -
- XDR (Extensively Drug-Resistant): Resistance to all but one or two available antimicrobial categories.
- -
- PDR (Pandrug-Resistant): Resistance to all antibiotics tested.
- -
- ESBL (Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producers): Confirmed via phenotypic methods according to standard testing algorithms.
- -
- No Resistance Pattern: Isolates exhibiting full or near-complete susceptibility to tested agents.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disk Diffusion Antibiogram for Aerobic Bacteria (Kirby–Bauer) |
---|
Aztreonam |
Ceftazidime/Avibactam |
Ceftolozane/Tazobactam |
Cefiderocol |
Automated System Antibiogram (Vitek) |
Amikacin |
Ampicillin/Sulbactam |
Ampicillin ORAL |
Aztreonam |
Cefepime |
Ceftazidime |
Ceftriaxone |
Chloramphenicol |
Cefuroxime ORAL |
Gentamicin |
Imipenem |
Piperacillin/Tazobactam |
Tobramycin |
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole |
Moxifloxacin |
Levofloxacin |
Ertapenem |
Minocycline |
Tetracycline |
Tigecycline |
Ceftazidime/Avibactam |
Ceftolozane/Tazobactam |
Cefotaxime |
Imipenem/Relebactam |
Meropenem/Vaborbactam |
Temocillin |
Amoxicillin/Clavulanic |
Amoxicillin/Clavulanic IV |
Cefuroxime |
Ciprofloxacin |
Meropenem |
Broth Microdilution |
Colistin |
Carbapenemase Detection Test—Enterobacterales |
NDM |
KPC |
OXA-48-like |
IMP |
VIM |
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Sava, M.; Vintila, B.I.; Bereanu, A.S.; Fratila, A.M.; Codru, I.R. Lessons from Four Years (2021–2024) of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Resistance Surveillance Epidemiological Trends in a Romanian Intensive Care Unit. Antibiotics 2025, 14, 825. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14080825
Sava M, Vintila BI, Bereanu AS, Fratila AM, Codru IR. Lessons from Four Years (2021–2024) of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Resistance Surveillance Epidemiological Trends in a Romanian Intensive Care Unit. Antibiotics. 2025; 14(8):825. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14080825
Chicago/Turabian StyleSava, Mihai, Bogdan Ioan Vintila, Alina Simona Bereanu, Anca Maria Fratila, and Ioana Roxana Codru. 2025. "Lessons from Four Years (2021–2024) of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Resistance Surveillance Epidemiological Trends in a Romanian Intensive Care Unit" Antibiotics 14, no. 8: 825. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14080825
APA StyleSava, M., Vintila, B. I., Bereanu, A. S., Fratila, A. M., & Codru, I. R. (2025). Lessons from Four Years (2021–2024) of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Resistance Surveillance Epidemiological Trends in a Romanian Intensive Care Unit. Antibiotics, 14(8), 825. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14080825