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Volume 13
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10.3390/antibiotics13121193
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Article

Potential Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Caralluma indica Seed Extract

by
Shunmuga Vadivu Ramalingam
1,*,
Senthil Bakthavatchalam
2,
Karnan Ramachandran
3,
Vasthi Gnanarani Soloman
2,
Afrin Khan Ajmal
4,
Mohammad Khalid Al-Sadoon
5 and
Ramachandran Vinayagam
6,*
1
Department of Biochemistry, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram, Chennai 600089, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram Campus, Chennai 600089, Tamil Nadu, India
3
PG and Research Department of Zoology, Rajah Serfoji Government College (Autonomous), Bharathidasan University, Thanjavur 613005, Tamil Nadu, India
4
Department of English and Foreign Languages, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram Campus, Chennai 600089, Tamil Nadu, India
5
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, School of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antibiotics 2024, 13(12), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121193
Submission received: 19 October 2024 / Revised: 26 November 2024 / Accepted: 3 December 2024 / Published: 7 December 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Natural Products as Candidates for the Discovery of Antimicrobial Drugs)
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Abstract

Background: Plant-derived phytochemicals are crucial in fighting bacterial infections and in cancer therapy. Objective: This study investigates the phytochemical composition of the ethanolic extract obtained from Caralluma indica (C. indica) seeds and assesses its antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activities. Results: GC-MS analysis found 30 phytochemicals in C. indica seeds, including 5 bioactive compounds that have been shown to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity properties, through in silico evaluation. Phytochemical screening of C. indica identified and measured the phenolic compounds, providing insight into its bioactive potential and therapeutic properties. C. indica exhibited robust antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide, and H2O2 radical scavenging) alongside potent antimicrobial activity against oral pathogen and cytotoxicity activity on a human oral squamous carcinoma cell line (OECM-1) (EC50 of 169.35 µg/mL) and yeast cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae (215.82 µg/mL), with a selective index of 1.27. The subminimum % MBC/MFC of C. indica significantly reduced biofilm formation against oral pathogens (p < 0.05). Molecular docking studies showed a strong correlation (r = 0.862) between antifungal and anticancer targets, suggesting that the antimicrobial agents in C. indica contribute to cancer prevention mechanisms. Conclusions: These findings propose C. indica seeds as promising candidates for combating oral pathogens, inhibiting biofilm formation, and reducing the risk of oral cancer progression.
Keywords: Caralluma indica seed; anti-oral cancer; anti-oral microbial; molecular docking; Candida albicans Caralluma indica seed; anti-oral cancer; anti-oral microbial; molecular docking; Candida albicans

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ramalingam, S.V.; Bakthavatchalam, S.; Ramachandran, K.; Gnanarani Soloman, V.; Ajmal, A.K.; Al-Sadoon, M.K.; Vinayagam, R. Potential Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Caralluma indica Seed Extract. Antibiotics 2024, 13, 1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121193

AMA Style

Ramalingam SV, Bakthavatchalam S, Ramachandran K, Gnanarani Soloman V, Ajmal AK, Al-Sadoon MK, Vinayagam R. Potential Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Caralluma indica Seed Extract. Antibiotics. 2024; 13(12):1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121193

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramalingam, Shunmuga Vadivu, Senthil Bakthavatchalam, Karnan Ramachandran, Vasthi Gnanarani Soloman, Afrin Khan Ajmal, Mohammad Khalid Al-Sadoon, and Ramachandran Vinayagam. 2024. "Potential Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Caralluma indica Seed Extract" Antibiotics 13, no. 12: 1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121193

APA Style

Ramalingam, S. V., Bakthavatchalam, S., Ramachandran, K., Gnanarani Soloman, V., Ajmal, A. K., Al-Sadoon, M. K., & Vinayagam, R. (2024). Potential Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Caralluma indica Seed Extract. Antibiotics, 13(12), 1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121193

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