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Antibiotics
Volume 13
Issue 11
10.3390/antibiotics13111033
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Article

The Influence of COVID-19 on Antimicrobial Resistance Trends at a Secondary Care Hospital in Slovenia: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis

by
Samo Jeverica
1,*,
Darja Barlič Maganja
2,
Jani Dernič
1,
Peter Golob
1,
Alenka Stepišnik
1,
Bojan Novak
1,
Lea Papst
3,
Anamarija Juriševič Dodič
4 and
Mladen Gasparini
1
1
Izola General Hospital, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
2
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
3
Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
4
Department of Medical Microbiology Koper, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antibiotics 2024, 13(11), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13111033
Submission received: 1 October 2024 / Revised: 27 October 2024 / Accepted: 31 October 2024 / Published: 1 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Mechanism and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance)
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Abstract

Background/Objectives. Our study aimed to determine the development of antibiotic resistance during the peri-pandemic period in a regional secondary care hospital using an interrupted time series analysis. Methods. We analyzed data from seven years, accounting for 441,149 patient days. The incidence density of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) burden and infection was reported per 1000 patient days. Results. During the COVID-19 period, a significant increase in the mean incidence density of the total MDR burden from 4.93 to 5.81 per 1000 patient days was observed (p = 0.007). On the other hand, the mean incidence density of MDR infections decreased from 1.61 to 1.29 per 1000 patient days (p = 0.019). Using the interrupted time series analysis, the same trends were observed, namely the overall increasing trend in MDR burden and the overall decreasing trend in MDR infections. This divergent trend is mainly due to similar trends in several Gram-negative MDR, namely ESBL-EC, ESBL-KP and CRE. Conclusions. Due to the increasing burden of MDR, it is necessary to strengthen AMR surveillance. In addition, strict infection prevention and control measures, and antimicrobial stewardship programs continue to be important components in the fight against resistant bacteria.
Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; COVID-19; Slovenia; interrupted time series analysis antimicrobial resistance; COVID-19; Slovenia; interrupted time series analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jeverica, S.; Maganja, D.B.; Dernič, J.; Golob, P.; Stepišnik, A.; Novak, B.; Papst, L.; Dodič, A.J.; Gasparini, M. The Influence of COVID-19 on Antimicrobial Resistance Trends at a Secondary Care Hospital in Slovenia: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis. Antibiotics 2024, 13, 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13111033

AMA Style

Jeverica S, Maganja DB, Dernič J, Golob P, Stepišnik A, Novak B, Papst L, Dodič AJ, Gasparini M. The Influence of COVID-19 on Antimicrobial Resistance Trends at a Secondary Care Hospital in Slovenia: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis. Antibiotics. 2024; 13(11):1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13111033

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeverica, Samo, Darja Barlič Maganja, Jani Dernič, Peter Golob, Alenka Stepišnik, Bojan Novak, Lea Papst, Anamarija Juriševič Dodič, and Mladen Gasparini. 2024. "The Influence of COVID-19 on Antimicrobial Resistance Trends at a Secondary Care Hospital in Slovenia: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis" Antibiotics 13, no. 11: 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13111033

APA Style

Jeverica, S., Maganja, D. B., Dernič, J., Golob, P., Stepišnik, A., Novak, B., Papst, L., Dodič, A. J., & Gasparini, M. (2024). The Influence of COVID-19 on Antimicrobial Resistance Trends at a Secondary Care Hospital in Slovenia: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis. Antibiotics, 13(11), 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13111033

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