Prevalence of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus Section Fumigati Strains Isolated from Romanian Vineyard Soil Samples
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Vineyards and Treatments Applied to Soil
2.2. Screening of Azole-Resistant Fungi
2.3. Azole Susceptibility Testing of Aspergillus Section Fumigati Isolates
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Soil Sample Collection
4.2. Soil Sample Processing
4.3. Molecular Analysis
4.4. Azole Susceptibility Testing
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Order of Treatments | Product/Manufacturer | Type | Azole Component | Dosage | Mode of Action | Target Diseases and Pests |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vineyard 2 | ||||||
1 | Calcium polysulfide solution | Fungicide, Insecticide, Acaricide | No | 12 L/ha | Contact | Powdery mildew, Moths, Mites |
2 | Profiler (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) | Fungicide | No | 2.5 kg/ha | Systemic | Downy mildew |
Topas (Syngenta, Basel, Switzerland) | Fungicide | Penconazole | 0.25 L/ha | Contact | Powdery mildew | |
Envidor (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) | Acaricide | No | 0.4 L/ha | Contact | Erineum mites | |
3 | Forum Gold (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) | Fungicide | No | 1.56 kg/ha | Systemic contact | Downy mildew |
Vivando (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) | Fungicide | No | 0.2 L/ha | Systemic contact | Powdery mildew | |
Envidor | Acaricide | No | 0.4 L/ha | Contact | Erineum mites | |
4 | Forum Gold | Fungicide | No | 1.56 kg/ha | Systemic contact | Downy mildew |
Vivando | Fungicide | No | 0.2 L/ha | Systemic contact | Powdery mildew | |
5 | Folpan 80 WG (Adama, Ashdod, Israel) | Fungicide | No | 1.5 kg/ha | Contact | Downy mildew, Gray mold |
Kumulus WDG (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) | Fungicide | No | 3.0 kg/ha | Contact | Powdery mildew | |
6 | Ridomil (Syngenta, Basel, Switzerland) | Fungicide | No | 2.5 kg/ha | Systemic | Downy mildew |
Kumulus WDG | Fungicide | No | 3.0 kg/ha | Contact | Powdery mildew | |
Cantus® (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) | Fungicide | No | 1.2 kg/ha | Systemic | Gray mold | |
7 | Ridomil | Fungicide | No | 2.5 kg/ha | Systemic | Downy mildew |
Kumulus WDG | Fungicide | No | 3.0 kg/ha | Contact | Powdery mildew | |
Cantus® | Fungicide | No | 1.2 kg/ha | Systemic | Gray mold | |
8 | Bouillie bordelaise | Fungicide | No | 5.0 kg/ha | Contact | Downy mildew |
Vineyard 3 | ||||||
1 | Novozir MN 80 (Belchim, Bucuresti, Romania) | Fungicide | No | 2.0 kg/ha | Contact | Downy mildew |
Polisulfură de calciu WDG | Fungicide | No | 3.0 kg/ha | Contact | Powdery mildew | |
2 | Manconova (Trustchem Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, China) | Fungicide | No | 2.5 kg/ha | Contact | Downy mildew |
Kumulus WDG | Fungicide | No | 3.0 kg/ha | Contact | Powdery mildew | |
Envidor | Acaricide | No | 0.4 L/ha | Contact | Erineum mites | |
3 | Forum Gold | Fungicide | No | 1.56 kg/ha | Systemic contact | Downy mildew |
KarathaneTM Gold 350 EC (CortevaTM Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States) | Fungicide | No | 0.5 L/ha | Systemic | Powdery mildew | |
4 | Curzate F (CortevaTM Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States) | Fungicide | No | 2.5 L/ha | Systemic | Downy mildew |
Luna Experience 400 SC (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) | Fungicide | Tebuconazole | 0.5 L/ha | Systemic | Powdery mildew | |
5 | Verita (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) | Fungicide | No | 2.5 kg/ha | Systemic | Downy mildew |
Falcon 460 EC (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) | Fungicide | No | 0.3 L/ha | Systemic | Powdery mildew | |
Sulfomat (Mifalchim, Onești, Romania) | Fungicide | No | 4 kg/ha | Contact | Powdery mildew | |
Pyrus 400 SC (Agriphar, Ougree, Belarus) | Fungicide | No | 1.5 L/ha | Systemic | Gray mold | |
6 | Valis M (Belchim, Bucuresti, Romania) | Fungicide | No | 2.0 kg/ha | Systemic contact | Downy mildew, Gray mold |
Folpan | Fungicide | No | 1.5 kg/ha | Contact | Downy mildew, Gray mold | |
Kumulus WDG | Fungicide | No | 3.0 kg/ha | Contact | Powdery mildew | |
Bumper 250 EC (Adama, Ashdod, Israel) | Fungicide | Propiconazole | 0.2 L/ha | Systemic | Powdery mildew | |
7 | Pergado F (Syngenta, Basel, Switzerland) | Fungicide | No | 2.5 kg/ha | Systemic contact | Downy mildew |
Vivando | Fungicide | No | 0.2 L/ha | Systemic contact | Powdery mildew | |
KarathaneTM Gold 350 EC | Fungicide | No | 0.5 L/ha | Systemic | Powdery mildew | |
8 | Melody Compact (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) | Fungicide | No | 1.5 kg/ha | Systemic contact | Downy mildew |
Sulfomat | Fungicide | No | 4 kg/ha | Contact | Powdery mildew | |
Kumulus WDG | Fungicide | No | 3.0 kg/ha | Contact | Powdery mildew | |
Pyrinex (Adama, Ashdod, Israel) | Insecticide | No | 2.2 L/ha | Contact ingestion | Moths | |
Vineyard 1, 4–6—Information not provided | ||||||
Vineyard 7 | ||||||
6–8/year | Switch 62.5 WG (Syngenta, Basel, Switzerland) | Fungicide | No | 1 kg/ha | Systemic contact | Gray mold, Aspergillus spp. |
NPK 16-16-16 | Fertilizer | No | ||||
Other | Downy mildew, Powdery mildew |
Vineyard | No. of Samples Collected per Vineyard | Itraconazole-Resistant Fungi (No. of Positive Samples; Percentage) | Voriconazole-Resistant Fungi (No. of Positive Samples; Percentage) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 20 | Aspergillus section Nigri (5; 25%) | Aspergillus section Nigri (2; 10%) |
Aspergillus section Usti (1; 5%) | Aspergillus section Usti (1; 5%) | ||
Penicillium spp. (7; 35%) | - | ||
Mucorales (2; 10%) | Mucorales (8; 40%) | ||
2 | 55 | Aspergillus section Nigri (13; 23.64%) | Aspergillus section Nigri (3; 5.45%) |
Aspergillus section Flavi (2; 3.64%) | - | ||
Aspergillus section Usti (3; 5.45%) | - | ||
Aspergillus section Fumigati (6; 10.9%) | Aspergillus section Fumigati (6; 10.9%) | ||
Mucorales (8; 14.55%) | Mucorales (15; 27.27%) | ||
3 | 50 | Aspergillus section Nigri (11; 22%) | Aspergillus section Nigri (7; 14%) |
Aspergillus section Flavi (4; 8%) | Aspergillus section Flavi (2; 4%) | ||
Aspergillus section Usti (3; 6%) | - | ||
Aspergillus section Fumigati (2; 4%) | Aspergillus section Fumigati (2; 4%) | ||
Aspergillus section Terrei (2; 4%) | Aspergillus section Terrei (2; 4%) | ||
Penicillium spp. (6; 12%) | - | ||
Mucorales (7; 14%) | Mucorales (16; 32%) | ||
4 | 40 | Aspergillus section Nigri (11; 27.5%) | Aspergillus section Nigri (4; 10%) |
Aspergillus section Usti (3; 7.5%) | Aspergillus section Usti (3; 7.5%) | ||
Aspergillus section Fumigati (2; 5%) | Aspergillus section Fumigati (2; 5%) | ||
Penicillium spp. (6; 15%) | - | ||
Mucorales (3; 7.5%) | Mucorales (15; 37.5%) | ||
5 | 40 | Aspergillus section Nigri (14; 35%) | Aspergillus section Nigri (5; 12.5%) |
Aspergillus section Flavi (2; 5%) | - | ||
Aspergillus section Usti (2; 5%) | Aspergillus section Usti (2; 5%) | ||
Aspergillus section Fumigati (6; 15%) | Aspergillus section Fumigati (6; 15%) | ||
Penicillium spp. (5; 12.5%) | - | ||
Mucorales (7; 17.5%) | Mucorales (15; 37.5%) | ||
6 | 40 | Aspergillus section Nigri (3; 7.5%) | - |
Penicillium spp. (9; 22.5%) | - | ||
Mucorales (1; 2.5%) | Mucorales (15; 37.5%) | ||
7 | 20 | Aspergillus section Nigri (8; 40%) | Aspergillus section Nigri (3; 15%) |
Aspergillus section Usti (1; 5%) | Aspergillus section Usti (1; 5%) | ||
Penicillium spp. (6; 30%) | - | ||
Mucorales (1; 5%) | Mucorales (8; 40%) |
Vineyard | Species | Itraconazole | Voriconazole | Posaconazole |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Aspergillus udagawae | 8 | >8 | 4 |
2 | Aspergillus udagawae | >8 | >8 | >4 |
2 | Aspergillus udagawae | 8 | >8 | >4 |
2 | Aspergillus udagawae | 4 | 8 | 4 |
2 | Aspergillus udagawae | 8 | 4 | 2 |
2 | Aspergillus udagawae | 2 | 4 | 0.5 |
3 | Aspergillus udagawae | 2 | 1 | 0.5 |
3 | Aspergillus udagawae | >8 | >8 | 2 |
4 | Aspergillus udagawae | 2 | 4 | 0.5 |
4 | Aspergillus udagawae | 4 | 8 | 4 |
5 | Aspergillus udagawae | 8 | 4 | 4 |
5 | Aspergillus udagawae | 2 | 4 | 0.5 |
5 | Aspergillus lentulus | 8 | 4 | 4 |
5 | Aspergillus udagawae | 4 | 4 | >4 |
5 | Aspergillus udagawae | 8 | 4 | >4 |
5 | Aspergillus udagawae | >8 | >8 | >4 |
Calmodulin | CL1 | 20 pb | GAR TWC AAG GAG GCC TTC TC GARTWCAAGGAGGCCTTCTC |
CL2 | 21 pb | TTT TTG CAT CAT GAG TTG GAC TTTTTGCATCATGAGTTGGAC | |
Tubulin | Bt2A | 24 pb | GGT AAC CAA ATC GGT GCT GCT TTC GGTAACCAAATCGGTGCTGCTTTC |
Bt2B | 24 pb | ACC CTC AGT GTA GTG ACC CTT GGC ACCCTCAGTGTAGTGACCCTTGGC |
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Colosi, H.A.; Baciu, A.M.; Costache, C.; Opris, R.V.; Popp, R.A.; Sabou, M.; Colosi, I.A. Prevalence of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus Section Fumigati Strains Isolated from Romanian Vineyard Soil Samples. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 1695. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12121695
Colosi HA, Baciu AM, Costache C, Opris RV, Popp RA, Sabou M, Colosi IA. Prevalence of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus Section Fumigati Strains Isolated from Romanian Vineyard Soil Samples. Antibiotics. 2023; 12(12):1695. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12121695
Chicago/Turabian StyleColosi, Horațiu Alexandru, Alina Mihaela Baciu, Carmen Costache, Razvan Vlad Opris, Radu Anghel Popp, Marcela Sabou, and Ioana Alina Colosi. 2023. "Prevalence of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus Section Fumigati Strains Isolated from Romanian Vineyard Soil Samples" Antibiotics 12, no. 12: 1695. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12121695
APA StyleColosi, H. A., Baciu, A. M., Costache, C., Opris, R. V., Popp, R. A., Sabou, M., & Colosi, I. A. (2023). Prevalence of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus Section Fumigati Strains Isolated from Romanian Vineyard Soil Samples. Antibiotics, 12(12), 1695. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12121695