Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Products as Alternatives to Antibiotics in Poultry Nutrition: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Use of Antibiotics in Poultry Production
2.1. Therapeutic Antibiotics
2.2. Metaphylaxis Antibiotics
2.3. Prophylaxis Antibiotics
2.4. Antibiotic Growth Promoters
3. Green Tea Products
3.1. Green Tea Nutrients
3.2. Green Tea Bioactive Compounds
4. The Effect of Green Tea Products Inclusion in Poultry Diets
4.1. Effects on Nutrient Utilisation and Growth Performance
4.2. Effects on Visceral Organs, Carcass, and Meat Quality Traits
4.3. Effects on Health Status of Poultry
4.4. The Effects on Gut Microbes
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition | Green Tea Powder | Black Tea Powder | Spent Green Tea Leaves | Spent Black Tea Leaves |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter | 90.7 | 94.2 | 13.4 | 12.6 |
Crude protein | 22.9 | 24.2 | 24.6 | 23.4 |
Neutral detergent fibre | 32.5 | 32.3 | 40.5 | 47.4 |
Acid detergent fibre | 21.1 | 30.9 | 29.4 | 41.0 |
Organic matter | - | 93.9 | 95.7 | 96.1 |
Ether extract | 2.08 | 1.26 | 2.31 | 1.35 |
Tannin | 22.3 | - | - | - |
Metabolizable energy (Kcal/kg) | 2816 | 1529 | 1765 | 1574 |
Source | [48] | [56] | [56] | [56] |
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Mahlake, S.K.; Mnisi, C.M.; Kumanda, C.; Mthiyane, D.M.N.; Montso, P.K. Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Products as Alternatives to Antibiotics in Poultry Nutrition: A Review. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050565
Mahlake SK, Mnisi CM, Kumanda C, Mthiyane DMN, Montso PK. Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Products as Alternatives to Antibiotics in Poultry Nutrition: A Review. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(5):565. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050565
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahlake, Steve Kgotlelelo, Caven Mguvane Mnisi, Cebisa Kumanda, Doctor Mziwenkosi Nhlanhla Mthiyane, and Peter Kotsoana Montso. 2022. "Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Products as Alternatives to Antibiotics in Poultry Nutrition: A Review" Antibiotics 11, no. 5: 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050565