An Assessment of the In Vitro Models and Clinical Trials Related to the Antimicrobial Activities of Phytochemicals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mechanisms of Antibacterial Activity and Resistance
2.1. Alkaloids
2.2. Organosulfur Compounds
2.3. Phenolic Compounds
2.4. Flavonoids
2.5. Non-Flavonoids
3. Clinical Trial Assessment of Phytochemicals against Microbes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Type of Study | Subjects | Phytochemical | Purpose | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Donald et al. [87] | Randomized Control Trial | Human | Beta-sitosterol | Treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection |
|
Ahmed et al. [92] | Clinical Trial | Human | Silymarin | Treating hepatitis C infection |
|
Rahim et al. [93] | Clinical Trial | Human—In Vitro | Alpha-Viniferin | Treating S. aureus from the nasal passages |
|
Nawarathne et al. [94] | Clinical Trial | Human—In Vitro | Nigella sativa L. extract | Treating the Propionibacterium acnes infection |
|
Ferrazzano et al. [95] | Randomized Control Trial | Human—In Vitro | Plantago lanceolata | Reducing oral streptococci and lactobacilli bacterial species |
|
Kerdar et al. [96] | Randomized Control Trial | Human | Scrophularia striata | Treating periodontitis due to Streptococcus mutans |
|
Mergia et al. [97] | Randomized Control Trial | Swiss Albino Murine Model | Verbascum sinaiticum | Treating Trypanosoma brucei species |
|
Askari et al. [98] | Randomized Control Trial | Human Subjects | Myrtle and oak gall | Treating bacterial vaginosis |
|
Karumathil et al. [99] | Randomized Control Trial | In Vitro Keratinocytes | Trans-cinnamaldehyde and Eugenol | Treating Acinetobacter baumannii wound infections |
|
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Kopel, J.; McDonald, J.; Hamood, A. An Assessment of the In Vitro Models and Clinical Trials Related to the Antimicrobial Activities of Phytochemicals. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1838. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121838
Kopel J, McDonald J, Hamood A. An Assessment of the In Vitro Models and Clinical Trials Related to the Antimicrobial Activities of Phytochemicals. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(12):1838. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121838
Chicago/Turabian StyleKopel, Jonathan, Julianna McDonald, and Abdul Hamood. 2022. "An Assessment of the In Vitro Models and Clinical Trials Related to the Antimicrobial Activities of Phytochemicals" Antibiotics 11, no. 12: 1838. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121838
APA StyleKopel, J., McDonald, J., & Hamood, A. (2022). An Assessment of the In Vitro Models and Clinical Trials Related to the Antimicrobial Activities of Phytochemicals. Antibiotics, 11(12), 1838. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121838