Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior about Antimicrobial Use and Resistance among Medical, Nursing and Pharmacy Students in Jordan: A Cross Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Demographic Characteristics
2.2. Information Resources Used for Management of Infections
2.3. Capabilities, Opportunities, Motivation and Behavior of Student Healthcare Professionals Regarding Antibiotic Use and Resistance
2.4. Awareness of Initiatives That Are Focused on Antibiotic Use
2.5. Education and Assessment Activities Related to Antibiotic Use and Resistance
3. Discussion
3.1. Capabilities, Opportunities, Motivation and Behavior of Student Healthcare Professionals Regarding Antibiotic Use and Resistance
3.2. Awareness of Initiatives That Are Focused on Antibiotic Use
3.3. Education and Assessment Activities Related to Antibiotic Use and Resistance
4. Methods
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Murray, C.J.; Ikuta, K.S.; Sharara, F.; Swetschinski, L.; Robles Aguilar, G.; Gray, A.; Han, C.; Bisignano, C.; Rao, P.; Wool, E.; et al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis. Lancet 2022, 399, 629–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, R.; Coast, J. The true cost of antimicrobial resistance. BMJ 2013, 346, f1493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- O’Neill, J. Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations: The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. 2016. Available online: https://amr-review.org (accessed on 13 September 2022).
- Aldeyab, M.A.; López-Lozano, J.M.; Gould, I.M. Global antibiotics use and resistance. In Global Pharmaceutical Policy; Babar, Z.-U.-D., Ed.; Palgrave Macmillan: Singapore, 2020; pp. 331–344. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance; World Health Organization, 2014. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/112642 (accessed on 13 September 2022).
- Jirjees, F.J.; Al-Obaidi, H.J.; Sartaj, M.; Conlon-Bingham, G.; Farren, D.; Scott, M.G.; Gould, I.M.; López-Lozano, J.M.; Aldeyab, M.A. Antibiotic use and resistance in hospitals: Time-series analysis strategy for determining and prioritising interventions. Hosp. Pharm. Eur. 2020, 95, 13–19. Available online: https://hospitalpharmacyeurope.com/news/reviews-research/antibiotic-use-and-resistance-in-hospitals-time-series-analysis-strategy-for-determining-and-prioritising-interventions/ (accessed on 13 September 2022).
- Al-Taani, G.M.; Scott, M.; Farren, D.; Gilmore, F.; McCullagh, B.; Hibberd, C.; McCorry, A.; Versporten, A.; Goossens, H.; Zarb, P.; et al. Longitudinal point prevalence survey of antibacterial use in Northern Ireland using the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) PPS and Global-PPS tool. Epidemiol. Infect. 2018, 146, 985–990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Laxminarayan, R.; Duse, A.; Wattal, C.; Zaidi, A.K.M.; Wertheim, H.F.L.; Sumpradit, N.; Vlieghe, E.; Hara, G.L.; Gould, I.M.; Goossens, H. Antibiotic resistance—The need for global solutions. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2013, 13, 1057–1098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tamma, P.D.; Cosgrove, S.E. Antimicrobial stewardship. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2011, 25, 245–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, S.; Little, P.; Britten, N. Why do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for sore throat? Grounded theory interview study. Br. Med. J. 2003, 326, 138–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Teixeira Rodrigues, A.; Roque, F.; Falcão, A.; Figueiras, A.; Herdeiro, M.T. Understanding physician antibiotic prescribing behaviour: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2013, 41, 203–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Md Rezal, R.S.; Hassali, M.A.; Alrasheedy, A.A.; Saleem, F.; Md Yusof, F.A.; Godman, B. Physicians’ knowledge, perceptions and behaviour towards antibiotic prescribing: A systematic review of the literature. Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. 2015, 13, 665–680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Deuster, S.; Roten, I.; Muehlebach, S. Implementation of treatment guidelines to support judicious use of antibiotic therapy. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 2010, 35, 71–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McNulty, C.A.M.; Boyle, P.; Nichols, T.; Clappison, P.; Davey, P. Don’t wear me out—The public’s knowledge of and attitudes to antibiotic use. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2007, 59, 727–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnson, L.S.; MacDougall, C.; Trivedi, K.K. The Legislative Momentum of Antimicrobial Stewardship: The US Perspective. Curr. Treat. Options Infect. Dis. 2016, 8, 93–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gruppen, L.D.; Mangrulkar, R.S.; Kolars, J.C. The promise of competency-based education in the health professions for improving global health. Hum. Resour. Health 2012, 10, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Davidson, L.K. A 3-year experience implementing blended TBL: Active instructional methods can shift student attitudes to learning. Med. Teach. 2011, 33, 750–753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Courteille, O.; Fahlstedt, M.; Ho, J.; Hedman, L.; Fors, U.; von Holst, H.; Felländer-Tsai, L.; Möller, H. Learning through a virtual patient vs. recorded lecture: A comparison of knowledge retention in a trauma case. Int. J. Med. Educ. 2018, 9, 86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McCoy, L.; Pettit, R.K.; Kellar, C.; Morgan, C. Tracking Active Learning in the Medical School Curriculum: A Learning-Centered Approach. J. Med. Educ. Curric. Dev. 2018, 5, 2382120518765135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- MacDougall, C.; Schwartz, B.S.; Kim, L.; Nanamori, M.; Shekarchian, S.; Chin-Hong, P.V. An Interprofessional Curriculum on Antimicrobial Stewardship Improves Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Appropriate Antimicrobial Use and Collaboration. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 2017, 4, ofw225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bennardi, M.; Diviani, N.; Saletti, P.; Gamondi, C.; Stüssi, G.; Cinesi, I.; Rubinelli, S. A qualitative analysis of educational, professional and socio-cultural issues affecting interprofessional collaboration in oncology palliative care. Patient Educ. Couns. 2022, 105, 2976–2983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dellit, T.H.; Owens, R.C.; McGowan, J.E.; Gerding, D.N.; Weinstein, R.A.; Burke, J.P.; Huskins, W.C.; Paterson, D.L.; Fishman, N.O.; Carpenter, C.F.; et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007, 44, 159–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barlam, T.F.; Cosgrove, S.E.; Abbo, L.M.; Macdougall, C.; Schuetz, A.N.; Septimus, E.J.; Srinivasan, A.; Dellit, T.H.; Falck-Ytter, Y.T.; Fishman, N.O.; et al. Implementing an antibiotic stewardship program: Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2016, 62, e51–e77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Luther, V.P.; Ohl, C.A.; Hicks, L.A. Antimicrobial stewardship education for medical students. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2013, 57, 1366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pulcini, C.; Wencker, F.; Frimodt-Møller, N.; Kern, W.V.; Nathwani, D.; Rodríguez-Baño, J.; Simonsen, G.S.; Vlahović-Palčevski, V.; Gyssens, I.C.; Jacobs, F.; et al. European survey on principles of prudent antibiotic prescribing teaching in undergraduate students. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2015, 21, 354–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Castro-Sánchez, E.; Drumright, L.N.; Gharbi, M.; Farrell, S.; Holmes, A.H. Mapping antimicrobial stewardship in undergraduate medical, dental, pharmacy, nursing and veterinary education in the United Kingdom. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0150056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akande-Sholabi, W.; Ajamu, A.T. Antimicrobial stewardship: Assessment of knowledge, awareness of antimicrobial resistance and appropriate antibiotic use among healthcare students in a Nigerian University. BMC Med. Educ. 2021, 21, 488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sobierajski, T.; Mazińska, B.; Wanke-Rytt, M.; Hryniewicz, W. Knowledge-based attitudes of medical students in antibiotic therapy and antibiotic resistance. A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mudenda, S.; Mukela, M.; Matafwali, S.; Banda, M.; Mutati, R.K.; Muungo, L.T.; Daka, V.; Saad, S.A.M.; Bumbangi, F.N.; Chabalenge, B. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards Antibiotic Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Pharmacy Students at the University of Zambia: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes. Sch. Acad. J. Pharm. 2022, 11, 117–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghadeer, A.R.Y. Suaifan A cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitude and behavior related to\antibiotic use and resistance among medical and non-medical university students in Jordan. African J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2012, 6, 763–770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matalqah, L.M.; Albals, D.; Radaideh, K.M.; Al-Khateeb, H.; Thabet, R.H.; Abu-Ismail, L.; Abunasser, M. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice toward Antibiotic Use among Under and Post-Graduate Students at Yarmouk University in Jordan: A Descriptive Study. Jordan J. Pharm. Sci. 2022, 15, 378–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Qerem, W.; Hammad, A.; Jarab, A.; Saleh, M.M.; Amawi, H.A.; Ling, J.; Alasmari, F. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice with respect to antibiotic use among pharmacy students: A cross-sectional study. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2022, 26, 3408–3418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashiru-Oredope, D.; Hopkins, S.; Vasandani, S.; Umoh, E.; Oloyede, O.; Nilsson, A.; Kinsman, J.; Elsert, L.; Monnet, D.L. Healthcare workers’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviours with respect to antibiotics, antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance across 30 EU/EEA countries in 2019. Eurosurveillance 2021, 26, 1900633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Survey of Healthcare Workers’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours on Antibiotics, Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance in the EU/EEA; ECDC: Solna Municipality, Sweden, 2019; Available online: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/survey-of-healthcare-workers-knowledge-attitudes-behaviours-on-antibiotics.pdf (accessed on 13 September 2022).
- Brown, E.M. Guidelines for antibiotic usage in hospitals. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2002, 49, 587–592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sakeena, M.H.F.; Bennett, A.A.; Jamshed, S.; Mohamed, F.; Herath, D.R.; Gawarammana, I.; McLachlan, A.J. Investigating knowledge regarding antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance among pharmacy students in Sri Lankan universities. BMC Infect. Dis. 2018, 18, 209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Inácio, J.; Barnes, L.M.; Jeffs, S.; Castanheira, P.; Wiseman, M.; Inácio, S.; Bowler, L.; Lansley, A. Master of Pharmacy students’ knowledge and awareness of antibiotic use, resistance and stewardship. Curr. Pharm. Teach. Learn. 2017, 9, 551–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ahmad, A.; Khan, M.U.; Patel, I.; Maharaj, S.; Pandey, S.; Dhingra, S. Knowledge, attitude and practice of B.Sc. Pharmacy students about antibiotics in Trinidad and Tobago. J. Res. Pharm. Pract. 2015, 4, 37–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Higuita-Gutiérrez, L.F.; Villamil, G.E.R.; Quiceno, J.N.J. Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding antibiotic use and resistance among medical students in Colombia: A cross-sectional descriptive study. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 1861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Afzal Khan, A.K.; Banu, G.; Reshma, K.K. Antibiotic resistance and usage-a survey on the knowledge, attitude, perceptions and practices among the medical students of a southern Indian teaching hospital. J. Clin. Diagnostic Res. 2013, 7, 1613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abubakar, U.; Muhammad, H.T.; Sulaiman, S.A.S.; Ramatillah, D.L.; Amir, O. Knowledge and self-confidence of antibiotic resistance, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and antibiotic stewardship among pharmacy undergraduate students in three Asian countries. Curr. Pharm. Teach. Learn. 2020, 12, 265–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ganesh, M.; Sridevi, S.A.; Paul, C.M. Antibiotic use among Medical and Para Medical Students: Knowledge, Attitude and its Practice in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in Chennai—A Scientific Insight. Int. J. Sci. Res. 2014, 3, 63–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aveni, E.; Bauer, B.; Ramelet, A.S.; Decosterd, I.; Ballabeni, P.; Bonvin, E.; Rodondi, P.Y. Healthcare professionals’ sources of knowledge of complementary medicine in an academic center. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0184979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mungrue, K.; Brown, T.; Hayes, I.; Ramroop, S.; Thurston, P.; Pinto Pereira, L. Drugs in upper respiratory tract infections in paediatric patients in North Trinidad. Pharm. Pract. 2009, 7, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Thriemer, K.; Katuala, Y.; Batoko, B.; Alworonga, J.P.; Devlieger, H.; Van Geet, C.; Ngbonda, D.; Jacobs, J. Antibiotic Prescribing in DR Congo: A Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Survey among Medical Doctors and Students. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e55495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ahmad, A.; Khan, M.U.; Moorthy, J.; Jamshed, S.Q.; Patel, I. Comparison of knowledge and attitudes about antibiotics and resistance, and antibiotics selfpracticing between Bachelor of Pharmacy and Doctor of Pharmacy students in Southern India. Pharm. Pract. 2015, 13, 523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wasserman, S.; Potgieter, S.; Shoul, E.; Constant, D.; Stewart, A.; Mendelson, M.; Boyles, T.H. South African medical students’ perceptions and knowledge about antibiotic resistance and appropriate prescribing: Are we providing adequate training to future prescribers? S. Afr. Med. J. 2017, 107, 405–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hoque, R.; Mostafa, A.; Haque, M. Insight of medical students of clinical years to antimicrobials prescribing and resistance in private medical school, Chittagong, Bangladesh. J. Young Pharm. 2016, 8, 447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Oh, A.L.; Hassali, M.A.; Al-Haddad, M.S.; Sulaiman, S.A.S.; Shafie, A.A.; Awaisu, A. Public knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic usage: A cross-sectional study among the general public in the state of Penang, Malaysia. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 2011, 5, 338–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Torres, N.F.; Chibi, B.; Middleton, L.E.; Solomon, V.P.; Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Evidence of factors influencing self-medication with antibiotics in low and middle-income countries: A systematic scoping review. Public Health 2019, 168, 92–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abbo, L.M.; Cosgrove, S.E.; Pottinger, P.S.; Pereyra, M.; Sinkowitz-Cochran, R.; Srinivasan, A.; Webb, D.J.; Hooton, T.M. Medical students’ perceptions and knowledge about antimicrobial stewardship: How are we educating our future prescribers? Clin. Infect. Dis. 2013, 57, 631–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Scaioli, G.; Gualano, M.R.; Gili, R.; Masucci, S.; Bert, F.; Siliquini, R. Antibiotic Use: A cross-sectional survey assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practices amongst students of a school of medicine in Italy. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0122476. [Google Scholar]
- Amann, S.; Neef, K.; Kohl, S. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Eur. J. Hosp. Pharm. Sci. Pract. 2019, 26, 175–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Justo, J.A.; Gauthier, T.P.; Scheetz, M.H.; Chahine, E.B.; Bookstaver, P.B.; Gallagher, J.C.; Hermsen, E.D.; DePestel, D.D.; Ernst, E.J.; Jacobs, D.M.; et al. Knowledge and attitudes of doctor of pharmacy students regarding the appropriate use of antimicrobials. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2014, 59 (Suppl. S3), S162–S169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Minen, M.T.; Duquaine, D.; Marx, M.A.; Weiss, D. A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of medical students concerning antimicrobial use and resistance. Microb. Drug Resist. 2010, 16, 285–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zulu, A.; Matafwali, S.K.; Banda, M.; Mudenda, S. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices on antibiotic resistance among undergraduate medical students in the school of medicine at the University of Zambia. Int. J. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. 2020, 9, 263–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silverberg, S.L.; Zannella, V.E.; Countryman, D.; Ayala, A.P.; Lenton, E.; Friesen, F.; Law, M. A review of antimicrobial stewardship training in medical education. Int. J. Med. Educ. 2017, 8, 353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fejza, A.; Kryeziu, Z.; Kadrija, K.; Musa, M. Pharmacy students’ knowledge and attitudes about antibiotics in Kosovo. Pharm. Pract. 2016, 14, 715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sarahroodi, S.; Arzi, A.; Sawalha, A.F.; Ashtarinezhad, A. Antibiotics self-medication among southern iranian university students. Int. J. Pharmacol. 2010, 6, 48–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wright, P.E.; Jain, P. Survey of antibiotic knowledge amongst final year medical students. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2004, 53, 550–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davey, P.; Marwick, C.A.; Scott, C.L.; Charani, E.; Mcneil, K.; Brown, E.; Gould, I.M.; Ramsay, C.R.; Michie, S. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017, 2, CD003543. [Google Scholar]
- Simpson, S.A.; Wood, F.; Butler, C.C. General practitioners’ perceptions of antimicrobial resistance: A qualitative study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2007, 59, 292–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Roumie, C.L.; Halasa, N.B.; Edwards, K.M.; Zhu, Y.; Dittus, R.S.; Griffin, M.R. Differences in antibiotic prescribing among physicians, residents, and nonphysician clinicians. Am. J. Med. 2005, 118, 641–648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guerra, C.M.; Pereira, C.A.P.; Neto, A.R.N.; Cardo, D.M.; Correa, L. Physicians’ Perceptions, Beliefs, Attitudes, and Knowledge Concerning Antimicrobial Resistance in a Brazilian Teaching Hospital. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2007, 28, 1411–1414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schwartz, B.S.; Armstrong, W.S.; Ohl, C.A.; Luther, V.P. Create Allies, IDSA Stewardship Commitments Should Prioritize Health Professions Learners. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2015, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Paterson Davenport, L.A.; Davey, P.G.; Ker, J.S.; Finch, R.; Harden, R.; Holmes, B.; Leese, J.; MacGowan, A.; Masterton, B.; Morgan, M.; et al. An outcome-based approach for teaching prudent antimicrobial prescribing to undergraduate medical students: Report of a Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2005, 56, 196–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ohl, C.A.; Luther, V.P. Health care provider education as a tool to enhance antibiotic stewardship practices. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2014, 28, 177–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ntirenganya, C.; Manzi, O.; Muvunyi, C.M.; Ogbuagu, O. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among common bacterial isolates in a tertiary healthcare facility in Rwanda. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2015, 92, 865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.; Chen, Y.M.; Hwang, K.L.; Lin, S.J.; Yang, C.C.; Tsay, R.W.; Liu, C.E.; Young, T.G. Behavior, attitudes and knowledge about antibiotic usage among residents of Changhua, Taiwan. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2005, 38, 53–59. [Google Scholar]
- Srinivasan, A.; Song, X.; Richards, A.; Sinkowitz-Cochran, R.; Cardo, D.; Rand, C. A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of house staff physicians from various specialties concerning antimicrobial use and resistance. Arch. Intern. Med. 2004, 164, 1451–1456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nisabwe, L.; Brice, H.; Umuhire, M.C.; Gwira, O.; Harelimana, J.D.D.; Nzeyimana, Z.; Sebatunzi, O.R.; Rusingiza, E.K.; Hahirwa, I.; Muvunyi, C.M. Knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use and resistance among undergraduate healthcare students at University of Rwanda. J. Pharm. Policy Pract. 2020, 13, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shapiro, D.J.; Hicks, L.A.; Pavia, A.T.; Hersh, A.L. Antibiotic prescribing for adults in ambulatory care in the USA, 2007–2009. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2014, 69, 234–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ministry of Health National Action Plan for Combating Antimicrobial Resistance in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Available online: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/antimicrobial-resistance/amr-spc-npm/nap-library/jordan_amr-nap_2018-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=83be0540_1&download=true (accessed on 13 September 2022).
- Huang, Y.; Gu, J.; Zhang, M.; Ren, Z.; Yang, W.; Chen, Y.; Fu, Y.; Chen, X.; Cals, J.W.; Zhang, F. Knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotics: A questionnaire study among 2500 Chinese students. BMC Med. Educ. 2013, 13, 163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Charani, E.; Castro-Sanchez, E.; Sevdalis, N.; Kyratsis, Y.; Drumright, L.; Shah, N.; Holmes, A. Understanding the determinants of antimicrobial prescribing within hospitals: The role of “prescribing etiquette”. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2013, 57, 188–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mattick, K.; Kelly, N.; Rees, C. A window into the lives of junior doctors: Narrative interviews exploring antimicrobial prescribing experiences. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2014, 69, 2274–2283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- De Souza, V.; MacFarlane, A.; Murphy, A.W.; Hanahoe, B.; Barber, A.; Cormican, M. A qualitative study of factors influencing antimicrobial prescribing by non-consultant hospital doctors. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2006, 58, 840–843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- World Health Organization. WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/66860/WHO_CDS_CSR_DRS_2001.2.pdf (accessed on 13 September 2022).
- Resolution WHA 68-7 Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. Microbe Mag. 2015, 10, 354–355. [CrossRef]
- WHO Regional Office for Europe. The Role of Pharmacist in Encouraging Prudent Use of Antibiotics and Averting Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review of Policy and Experience; World Health Organization, 2014. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/139702 (accessed on 13 September 2022).
- Southwick, F.; Katona, P.; Kauffman, C.; Monroe, S.; Pirofski, L.A.; Del Rio, C.; Gallis, H.; Dismukes, W. Commentary: IDSA guidelines for improving the teaching of preclinical medical microbiology and infectious diseases. Acad. Med. 2010, 85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shekarchian, S.; Schwartz, B.S.; Teherani, A.; Irby, D.; Chin-Hong, P.V. Is It Time for a Coordinated and Longitudinal Approach to Antibiotic Stewardship Education? Clin. Infect. Dis. 2016, 63, 848–849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fishman, N. Policy Statement on Antimicrobial Stewardship by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS). Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2012, 33, 322–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pulcini, C.; Gyssens, I.C. How to educate prescribers in antimicrobial stewardship practices. Virulence 2013, 4, 192–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, C.-R.; Lee, J.H.; Kang, L.-W.; Jeong, B.C.; Lee, S.H. Educational Effectiveness, Target, and Content for Prudent Antibiotic Use. Biomed Res. Int. 2015, 2015, 214021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Majumder, M.A.A.; Singh, K.; Hilaire, M.G.S.; Rahman, S.; Sa, B.; Haque, M. Antimicrobial resistance and global public health crisis: Are we educating enough our future prescribers to combat this global threat? Anti. Infect. Ther. 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Dyar, O.J.; Pulcini, C.; Howard, P.; Nathwani, D.; Beovic, B.; Harbarth, S.; Hanberger, H.; Pagani, L.; Pardo, J.R.P.; Weschesler-Fördös, A. European medical students: A first multicentre study of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic resistance. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2014, 69, 842–846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Demographic Characteristics | ||||
n (%) | ||||
Age (years) | 18–25 | 663 (92.6%) | ||
26–35 | 47 (6.6%) | |||
36–45 | 6 (0.8%) | |||
Sex | Male | 309 (43.2%) | ||
Female | 407 (56.8%) | |||
School and Year of Study | ||||
Medicine n (%) | Nursing n (%) | Pharmacy n (%) | ||
Year of study | Third | 74 (18.3) | 49 (46.2) | 0 (0.0) |
Fourth | 110 (27.2) | 57 (53.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
Five or more | 221 (54.6) | 0 (0.0) | 205 (100.0) | |
Total | 405 (56.6) | 106 (14.8) | 205 (28.6) |
Social Media Networks Used by the Students for Professional Activities | |
n (%) | |
520 (73%) | |
178 (25%) | |
YouTube | 165 (23%) |
107 (15.0%) | |
62 (9%) | |
42 (6%) | |
Google+ | 31 (4%) |
I do not use social media | 38 (5%) |
Others (Email, WhatsApp., and/or Telegram) | 5 (1%) |
Information Resources Used by the Students Regularly in the Management of Infections | |
n (%) | |
Medical representatives | 31(4.0) |
Previous clinical experience | 207 (29.0) |
Continuing education training courses | 287 (40.0) |
Infection specialists | 62 (9.0) |
Scientific journal | 30 (4.0) |
Professional resources | 117 (16.0) |
Social media | 129 (18.0) |
Others | 27 (4.0) |
I don’t know | 55 (8.0) |
Questions Assessed the Knowledge Level | Correct Answer | Answer | n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Antibiotics are effective against viruses | False | False | 612 (85.5) |
True | 81 (11.3) | ||
Unsure | 23 (3.2) | ||
Antibiotics are effective against cold and flu | False | False | 549 (76.7) |
True | 133 (18.6) | ||
Unsure | 34 (4.7) | ||
Unnecessary use of antibiotics makes them become ineffective | True | False | 32 (4.5) |
True | 666 (93.0) | ||
Unsure | 18 (2.5) | ||
Taking antibiotics has associated side effects or risks such as diarrhea, colitis, allergies | True | False | 28 (3.9) |
True | 618 (86.3) | ||
Unsure | 70 (9.8) | ||
Every person treated with antibiotics is at an increased risk of antibiotic resistant infection | True | False | 121 (16.9) |
True | 521 (72.8) | ||
Unsure | 74 (10.3) | ||
Antibiotic resistant bacteria can spread from person to person | True | False | 126 (17.6) |
True | 467 (65.2) | ||
Unsure | 123 (17.2) | ||
Healthy people can carry antibiotic resistant bacteria | True | False | 61 (8.5) |
True | 478 (66.8) | ||
Unsure | 177 (24.7) | ||
The use of antibiotics to stimulate growth in farm animals is legal in Jordan | False | False | 124 (17.3) |
True | 80 (11.2) | ||
Unsure | 512 (71.5) |
Item | SA n (%) | A n (%) | D n (%) | SD n (%) | N/A n (%) | U n (%) | IDU n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived knowledge | |||||||
I know what antibiotic resistance is | 264 (36.9) | 351 (49.0) | 16 (2.2) | 16 (2.2) | 3 (0.4) | 60 (8.4) | 6 (0.8) |
I know what information to give to individuals about the prudent use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance | 95 (13.3) | 379 (52.9) | 57 (8.0) | 11 (1.5) | 15 (2.1) | 151 (21.1) | 8 (1.1) |
I have sufficient knowledge about how to use antibiotics appropriately for my current practice | 77 (10.8) | 344 (48.0) | 84 (11.7) | 15 (2.1) | 19 (2.7) | 165 (23.0) | 12 (1.7) |
Environmental factors such as waste water in the environment are important in contributing to antibiotic resistance in bacteria from humans | 40 (5.6) | 244 (34.1) | 76 (10.6) | 19 (2.7) | - | 251 (35.1) | 86 (12.0) |
Excessive use of antibiotics in livestock and food production is important in contributing to antibiotic resistance in bacteria from humans | 124 (17.3) | 306 (42.7) | 32 (4.5) | 16 (2.2) | - | 186 (26.0) | 52 (7.3) |
Opportunity | |||||||
I have easy access to guidelines I need on managing infections | 64 (8.9) | 317 (44.3) | 114 (15.9) | 24 (3.4) | 30 (4.2) | 155 (21.6) | 12 (1.7) |
I have easy access to the materials I need to give advice on prudent antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance | 53 (7.4) | 269 (37.6) | 146 (20.4) | 33 (4.6) | 34 (4.7) | 175 (24.4) | 6 (0.8) |
I have good opportunities to provide advice on prudent antibiotic use to individuals | 63 (8.8) | 332 (46.4) | 92 (12.8) | 22 (3.1) | 35 (4.9) | 165 (23.0) | 7 (1.0) |
Motivation | |||||||
I know there is a connection between my prescribing OR dispensing OR administering of antibiotics and emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria | 206 (28.8) | 309 (43.2) | 26 (3.6) | 18 (2.5) | 53 (7.4) | 79 (11.0) | 25 (3.5) |
I have a key role in helping control antibiotic resistance | 132 (18.4) | 318 (44.4) | 55 (7.7) | 20 (2.8) | 32 (4.5) | 147 (20.5) | 12 (1.7) |
Frequency of Provision | Resources on Prudent Antibiotic Use Were Given to Individuals during the Last One Week? n (%) | Advice Related to Prudent Antibiotic Use Were Given to an Individual during the Last One Week n (%) |
---|---|---|
More than once a day | 18 (2.5) | 37 (5.2) |
once daily | 15 (2.1) | 29 (4.1) |
More than once a week | 39 (5.4) | 90 (12.6) |
Once a week | 54 (7.5) | 110 (15.4) |
Rarely | 158 (22.1) | 167 (23.3) |
Never | 239 (33.4) | 124 (17.3) |
Not applicable | 114 (15.9) | 80 (11.2) |
I don’t remember | 79 (11.0) | 79 (11.0) |
Variable | Categories | n (%) | |||||
The level most effective to tackle resistance to antibiotics | Individual level (prescribers) | 302 (42.2) | |||||
Environmental/animal health | 56 (7.8) | ||||||
Regional/national level | 87 (12.2) | ||||||
Action at all levels | 287 (40.1) | ||||||
I do not know | 52 (7.3) | ||||||
Initiatives you are aware of in your country which focus on antibiotic awareness and resistance | TV or Radio advertising for the public | 168 (23.5) | |||||
Toolkits and resources for healthcare workers | 144 (20.1) | ||||||
National or regional guidelines on management of infections | 107 (14.9) | ||||||
Awareness raising from professional organizations | 194 (27.1) | ||||||
Conference/Events focused on tackling antibiotic resistance | 104 (14.5) | ||||||
National or regional posters or leaflets on antibiotic awareness | 89 (12.4) | ||||||
Newspaper (national) articles on antibiotic resistance | 42 (5.9) | ||||||
World Antibiotic Awareness Week | 35 (4.9) | ||||||
I am not aware of any initiatives | 248 (34.6) | ||||||
Other | 5 (0.7) | ||||||
Perception about promotion of prudent use of antibiotic and antibiotic resistance | |||||||
Variable | SA n (%) | A n (%) | D n (%) | SD n (%) | N/A n (%) | U n (%) | IDU n (%) |
There has been good promotion of prudent use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in my country | 28 (3.9) | 127 (17.7) | 162 (22.6) | 64 (8.9) | 220 (30.7) | 69 (9.6) | 46 (6.4) |
Awareness for national action plan on antimicrobial resistance | |||||||
Variable | No n (%) | Yes n (%) | Unsure n (%) | ||||
Does your country have a national action plan on antimicrobial resistance | 208 (29.1) | 94 (13.1) | 414 (57.8) |
Variable | No n (%) | Yes n (%) | Unsure n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Had teaching about prudent antibiotic use | 55 (7.7) | 620 (86.6) | 41 (5.7) |
Had teaching about management of infections (diagnosis and antibiotic treatment) | 54 (7.5) | 630 (88.0) | 32 (4.5) |
Had examinations about prudent antibiotic use | 99 (13.8) | 547 (76.4) | 70 (9.8) |
Had examinations about management of infections (diagnosis and antibiotic treatment) | 75 (10.5) | 591 (82.5) | 50 (7.0) |
Variables | n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Topics you would like to receive more information about | Resistance to antibiotics | 386 (53.9) |
How to use antibiotics | 365 (51.0) | |
Medical conditions for which antibiotics are used | 370 (51.7) | |
Prescription of antibiotics | 338 (47.2) | |
Links between the health of humans, animals and the environment | 194 (27.1) | |
none | 44 (6.1) |
Teaching Method | Very Useful n (%) | Useful n (%) | Not Useful n (%) | Not Very Useful n (%) | N/A n (%) | Undecided n (%) | IDU n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lectures (with >15 people) | 102 (14.2) | 400 (55.9) | 49 (6.8) | 26 (3.6) | 33 (4.6) | 100 (14.0) | 6 (0.8) |
Small group teaching (with <15 people) | 242 (33.8) | 289 (40.4) | 10 (1.4) | 11 (1.5) | 110 (15.4) | 48 (6.7) | 6 (0.8) |
Discussions of clinical cases and vignettes | 298 (41.6) | 273 (38.1) | 7 (1.0) | 11 (1.5) | 68 (9.5) | 47 (6.6) | 12 (1.7) |
Active learning assignments (e.g., article reading, group work, preparing an oral presentation) | 171 (23.9) | 314 (43.9) | 34 (4.7) | 20 (2.8) | 88 (12.3) | 86 (12.0) | 3 (0.4) |
E-learning | 62 (8.7) | 227 (31.7) | 118 (16.5) | 100 (14.0) | 34 (4.7) | 167 (23.3) | 8 (1.1) |
Role play or communication skills sessions dealing with patients demanding antibiotic training | 120 (16.8) | 281 (39.2) | 23 (3.2) | 14 (2.0) | 168 (23.5) | 100 (14.0) | 10 (1.4) |
Infectious diseases clinical placement (i.e., clinical rotation or training in infectious diseases, involving patients) | 240 (33.5) | 240 (33.5) | 16 (2.2) | 9 (1.3) | 143 (20.0) | 60 (8.4) | 8 (1.1) |
Microbiology clinical placement | 133 (18.6) | 264 (36.9) | 19 (2.7) | 4 (0.6) | 177 (24.7) | 105 (14.7) | 14 (2.0) |
Peer or near-peer teaching (i.e., teaching led by other students) | 128 (17.9) | 342 (47.8) | 32 (4.5) | 4 (0.6) | 107 (14.9) | 96 (13.4) | 7 (1.0) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Al-Taani, G.M.; Karasneh, R.A.; Al-Azzam, S.; Bin Shaman, M.; Jirjees, F.; Al-Obaidi, H.; Conway, B.R.; Aldeyab, M.A. Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior about Antimicrobial Use and Resistance among Medical, Nursing and Pharmacy Students in Jordan: A Cross Sectional Study. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1559. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111559
Al-Taani GM, Karasneh RA, Al-Azzam S, Bin Shaman M, Jirjees F, Al-Obaidi H, Conway BR, Aldeyab MA. Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior about Antimicrobial Use and Resistance among Medical, Nursing and Pharmacy Students in Jordan: A Cross Sectional Study. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(11):1559. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111559
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Taani, Ghaith M., Reema A. Karasneh, Sayer Al-Azzam, Maryam Bin Shaman, Feras Jirjees, Hala Al-Obaidi, Barbara R. Conway, and Mamoon A. Aldeyab. 2022. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior about Antimicrobial Use and Resistance among Medical, Nursing and Pharmacy Students in Jordan: A Cross Sectional Study" Antibiotics 11, no. 11: 1559. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111559