Increases in the Macrolide Resistance of Mycoplasma genitalium and the Emergence of the A2058T Mutation in the 23S rRNA Gene: Clonal Spread?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Period (Years) | 2014–2018 No. (%) | 2019–2021 No. (%) | Total No. (%) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
23S rRNA gene PCR positive | 415 | 604 | 1019 | |
Resistance-associated 23S rRNA gene mutations | 72 (17.3) | 194 (32.1) | 266 (26.1) | <0.001 |
A2058T | 2 (0.5) | 25 (4.1) | 27 (2.6) | <0.001 |
A2058G | 37 (8.9) | 66 (10.9) | 103 (10.1) | 0.29 |
A2059G | 29 (7.0) | 83 (13.7) | 112 (11.0) | 0.001 |
A2058G or A2059G ** | 3 (0.7) | 19 (3.1) | 22 (2.2) | 0.008 * |
A2059C | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 0.651 * |
parC/gyrA gene PCR positive | 404 | 554 | 958 | |
Resistance-associated parC (+/− gyrA ***) gene mutations | 35 (8.7) | 61 (11.0) | 96 (10.0) | 0.232 |
G241T (G81C) | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 0.874 * |
G244A (D82N) | 2 (0.5) | 0 | 2 (0.2) | 0.347 * |
A247C (S83R) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 0.623 * |
G248A (S83N) | 10 (2.5) | 9 (1.6) | 19 (2.0) | 0.351 |
G248T (S83I) *** | 11 (2.7) | 19 (3.4) | 30 (3.1) | 0.535 |
T250C (F84S) | 0 | 3 (0.5) | 3 (0.3) | 0.370 * |
G259A (D87N) | 1 (0.2) | 15 (2.7) | 16 (1.7) | 0.003 * |
G259T (D87Y) | 5 (1.2) | 3 (0.5) | 8 (0.8) | 0.418 * |
A260G (D87G) | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 0.874 |
Others **** | 5 (1.2) | 9 (1.6) | 14 (1.5) | 0.622 |
23S/parC/gyrA gene PCR positive | 376 | 532 | 908 | |
Resistance-associated 23S/parC/gyrA gene mutations | 11 (2.9) | 44 (8.3) | 55 (6.1) | 0.001 |
Case | Epidemiological Data | Genetic Characterisation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Type | Date | Sex | Age, Years | Sexual Behaviour, HIV+/not on PrEP, Contacts | Previous STI and Antibiotic Treatments | MG191 Genotype | MG309 Genotype | Allele Pattern | Genetic Profile |
6 | Vagina | 22 October 2019 | M | 26 | MSM, HIV− | No | 7 | 9 | 7-9 | 1 |
8 | Pharynx | 13 February 2020 | M | 23 | MSM, HIV−, multiple unknown partners | No | 7 | 9 | 7-9 | 1 |
10 | Rectum | 20 February 2020 | M | 30 | MSM, HIV+, multiple unknown partners | No | 7 | 9 | 7-9 | 1 |
12 | Urethra | 25 February 2020 | M | 24 | MSM, HIV−, partner of case 11 and other contact with unknown partners | Yes, ceftriaxone, azithromycin | 7 | 9 | 7-9 | 1 |
19 | Urethra | 10 December 2020 | M | 34 | MSM, HIV+, multiple unknown partners | Yes, doxycycline, moxifloxacin | 7 | 9 | 7-9 | 1 |
20 | Rectum | 18 December 2020 | M | 49 | MSM, HIV−, PrEP, usual partner negative, but contact with unknown partners | Yes, doxycycline, azithromycin | 7 | 9 | 7-9 | 1 |
24 | Urine | 8 September 2021 | M | 30 | MSM, HIV−, recent trip to the UK, multiple unknown partners | Yes, azithromycin, moxifloxacin | 7 | 9 | 7-9 | 1 |
27 | Pharynx | 1 December 2021 | M | 40 | MSM, HIV−, multiple unknown partners | No | 7 | 9 | 7-9 | 1 |
3 | Rectum | 30 July 2020 | M | 25 | MSM, HIV+, multiple unknown partners; no contact with case 13 | Yes, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, moxifloxacin | 238 | 9 | 238-9 | 2 |
13 | Urethra | 22 June 2020 | M | 29 | MSM, HIV−, multiple unknown partners; no contact with case 3 | Yes, azithromycin, moxifloxacin | 238 | 9 | 238-9 | 2 |
16 | Rectum | 12 August 2020 | M | 31 | MSM, HIV−; likely contact with cases 3 and 13? | No | 238 | 9 | 238-9 | 2 |
15 | Urethra | 3 August 2020 | M | 36 | HET, HIV− | No | 21 | 11 | 21-11 | 3 |
17 | Urethra | 8 October 2020 | M | 38 | MSM, HIV−, usual partner not A2058T carrier, but contact with unknown partners | Yes, azithromycin | 21 | 11 | 21-11 | 3 |
1 | Vagina | 25 April 2018 | W | 38 | Prostitution | Yes, azithromycin | 7 | 11 | 7-11 | 4 |
18 | Urine | 30 November 2020 | M | 47 | HET, HIV− | Yes, ceftriaxone | 7 | 11 | 7-11 | 4 |
22 | Rectum | 27 January 2021 | M | 29 | MSM, HIV+ | Yes, azithromycin | 21 | 9 | 21-9 | 5 |
25 | Urine | 6 August 2021 | M | 34 | MSM, HIV−, PrEP, open relationship | Yes, azithromycin | 21 | 9 | 21-9 | 5 |
2 | Cervix | 11 April 2018 | W | 20 | HET, HIV− | No | 3 | 10 | 3-10 | 6 |
4 | Rectum | 4 September 2020 | M | 29 | MSM, HIV+; partners who were not A2058T carriers | Yes, azithromycin, moxifloxacin | 239 | 8 | 239-8 | 7 |
5 | Urethra | 2 July 2019 | M | 44 | MSM, HIV+ | Yes, unknown | 240 | 9 | 240-9 | 8 |
7 | Urethra | 24 August 2020 | M | 31 | MSM, HIV−, PrEP in Madrid, Madrid contact with unknown partner | Yes, doxycycline, azithromycin, moxifloxacin | 241 | 9 | 241-9 | 9 |
9 | Rectum | 19 February 2020 | M | 29 | MSM, HIV+ | No | 2 | 10 | 2-10 | 10 |
11 | Rectum | 20 February 2020 | M | 23 | MSM, HIV+, partner of case 12 | Yes, azithromycin | 7 | 8 | 7-8 | 11 |
14 | Rectum | 29 June 2020 | M | 23 | MSM, HIV−, PrEP in Madrid, contact with unknown partner | Yes, azithromycin | 7 | 10 | 7-10 | 12 |
21 | Rectum | 5 January 2021 | M | 51 | MSM, HIV+, multiple unknown partners | Yes, unknown | 241 | 11 | 241-11 | 13 |
23 | Rectum | 19 July 2021 | M | 37 | MSM (TSX), HIV−, PrEP | Yes, azithromycin | 239 | 10 | 239-10 | 14 |
26 | Pharynx | 16 November 2021 | M | 21 | MSM, HIV−, multiple unknown partners | Yes, azithromycin | 238 | 11 | 238-11 | 15 |
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Piñeiro, L.; Idigoras, P.; Arrastia, M.; Manzanal, A.; Ansa, I.; Cilla, G. Increases in the Macrolide Resistance of Mycoplasma genitalium and the Emergence of the A2058T Mutation in the 23S rRNA Gene: Clonal Spread? Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111492
Piñeiro L, Idigoras P, Arrastia M, Manzanal A, Ansa I, Cilla G. Increases in the Macrolide Resistance of Mycoplasma genitalium and the Emergence of the A2058T Mutation in the 23S rRNA Gene: Clonal Spread? Antibiotics. 2022; 11(11):1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111492
Chicago/Turabian StylePiñeiro, Luis, Pedro Idigoras, Maitane Arrastia, Ayla Manzanal, Iñigo Ansa, and Gustavo Cilla. 2022. "Increases in the Macrolide Resistance of Mycoplasma genitalium and the Emergence of the A2058T Mutation in the 23S rRNA Gene: Clonal Spread?" Antibiotics 11, no. 11: 1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111492