Understanding the Role of Self-Assembly and Interaction with Biological Membranes of Short Cationic Lipopeptides in the Effective Design of New Antibiotics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity
2.2. Evaluation of Bacterial Cell Viability
2.3. Stability in Serum
2.4. Self-Assembly
2.5. Isothermal Titration Calorimetry to Study Lipopeptide-Lipid Interaction
2.6. Effect of Net Peptide and Counterions on Lipopeptide-Lipid Interactions
2.7. Binding of the Peptides to LPS
2.8. The Effect of Lipopeptide Binding on the Lipid Acyl Chain Order
2.9. MD Simulations
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents
3.2. Lipopeptide Synthesis
3.3. Counterion Exchange
3.4. Microbiological Studies
3.5. Evaluation of Haemolytic and Cytotoxic Activities
3.6. Serum Stability Studies
3.7. Critical Aggregation Concentration Measurements
3.8. Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy
3.9. Thioflavin T (ThT) Assay
3.10. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.11. Fluorescence Spectroscopy
3.12. FTIR Measurements
3.13. ITC Measurements
3.14. Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamic Simulations
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CAC | Critical aggregation concentration |
C18 | Stearic acid |
C16 | Palmitic acid |
C14 | Myristic acid |
C12 | Lauric acid |
CDL2 | Cardiolipin 2 |
CG MD | Coarse-grained molecular dynamics |
DPPC | 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine |
DPPG | 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] |
LUV | Large unilamellar vesicle |
MLV | Multilayer vesicle |
POPC | 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine |
POPE | 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine |
POPG | 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] |
RaLPS | Ra mutant rough chemotype lipopolysaccharide |
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Peptide | MIC μg/mL | IC50 (μg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. aureus | S. epidermidis | E. coli | P. aeruginosa | C. albicans | ||
C18-KK-NH2 | 64 | 4 | 128 | 64 | 4 | 0.69 ± 0.001 |
C16-KK-NH2 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 128 | 4 | 2.5 ± 0.8 |
C16-KKKK-NH2 | 8 | 8 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 23.52 ± 1.30 |
C16-KGK-NH2 | 16 | 4 | 8 | 64 | 8 | 7.41 ± 3.05 |
C16-KβAK-NH2 | 128 | 2 | 64 | 64 | 4 | 25.11 ± 6.17 |
C14-KKKK-NH2 | 32 | 2 | 128 | 64 | 128 | 15.63 ± 0.74 |
C14-KKKR-NH2 | 32 | ≤1 | 128 | 128 | 128 | 32.5 ± 10.0 |
C14-KRKK-NH2 | 16 | ≤1 | 64 | 64 | 128 | 20.38 ± 4.12 |
C12-KKKK-NH2 | 64 | 16 | 512 | 256 | >512 | - |
C12-KRKK-NH2 | 64 | ≤1 | 512 | 512 | 512 | - |
Peptide | CAC mM | CAC μg/mL | γCAC mN/m |
---|---|---|---|
C18-KK-NH2 | 0.06 | 34 | 45 |
C16-KK-NH2 | 0.09 (1.07) | 45 | 43 |
C16-KKKK-NH2 | 0.75 (14.6) | 575 | 46 |
C16-KGK-NH2 | 0.16 (1.89) | 92 | 47 |
C16-KβAK-NH2 | Not determined | ||
C14-KKKK-NH2 | 1.22 (18.04) | 905 | 40 |
C14-KKKR-NH2 | 1.01 | 779 | 42 |
C14-KRKK-NH2 | 1.25 | 962 | 37 |
C12-KKKK-NH2 | 3.10 | 2216 | 37 |
C12-KRKK-NH2 | 3.60 | 2658 | 40 |
Peptide | n | pKITC | ΔH kcal mol−1 | TΔS kcal mol−1 | ΔG kcal mol−1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
POPG | ||||||
C18-KK-NH2 | 0.91 ± 0.03 | 5.90 ± 0.22 | −0.67 ± 0.03 | 9.74 ± 0.23 | −10.41 ± 0.23 | |
C16-KK-NH2 | 1.08 ± 0.04 | 5.32 ± 0.11 | −0.49 ± 0.03 | 9.14 ± 0.15 | −9.62 ± 0.15 | |
C16-KGK-NH2 | 0.76 ± 0.05 | 5.61 ± 0.21 | −0.46 ± 0.04 | 9.56 ± 0.29 | −10.02 ± 0.29 | |
C16-KβAK-NH2 | 1.54 ± 0.05 | 5.34 ± 0.11 | −0.52 ± 0.02 | 9.13 ± 0.16 | −9.65 ± 0.16 | |
C16-KKKK-NH2 | ||||||
TFA− | 2.87 ± 0.16 | 4.73 ± 0.16 | −0.37 ± 0.03 | 8.46 ± 0.22 | −8.83 ± 0.21 | |
AcO− | 3.70 ± 0.11 | 5.14 ± 0.15 | −0.37 ± 0.01 | 9.02 ± 0.20 | −9.38 ± 0.20 | |
Cl− | 6.13 ± 0.32 | 4.69 ± 0.15 | −0.36 ± 0.03 | 8.41 ± 0.21 | −8.76 ± 0.21 | |
C14-KKKK-NH2 | 3.94 ± 0.14 | 6.10 ± 0.42 | −0.09 ± 0.01 | 10.60 ± 0.58 | −10.69 ± 0.58 | |
C14-KKKR-NH2 | 3.44 ± 0.08 | 5.97 ± 0.22 | −0.14 ± 0.01 | 10.37 ± 0.30 | −10.51 ± 0.30 | |
C14-KRKK-NH2 | 4.01 ± 0.07 | 6.05 ± 0.20 | −0.29 ± 0.01 | 10.34 ± 0.27 | −10.63 ± 0.27 | |
DPPG | ||||||
C16-KKKK-NH2 | ||||||
TFA− | 1.51 ± 0.08 | 5.16 ± 0.16 | −1.35 ± 0.10 | 8.05 ± 0.21 | −9.41 ± 0.21 | |
AcO− | 1.79 ± 0.05 | 6.26 ± 0.27 | 2.30 ± 0.10 | 13.21 ± 0.38 | −10.91 ± 0.37 | |
Cl− | 4.36 ± 0.10 | 4.68 ± 0.10 | 3.44 ± 0.13 | 12.20 ± 0.17 | −8.76 ± 0.14 | |
C14-KKKK-NH2 | 3.39 ± 0.03 | 5.39 ± 0.06 | 1.71 ± 0.02 | 11.44 ± 0.22 | −9.72 ± 0.08 | |
C12-KKKK-NH2 | 2.61 ± 0.03 | 5.19 ± 0.04 | 1.84 ± 0.03 | 11.29 ± 0.06 | −9.45 ± 0.06 | |
LPS E. coli 055:B5 | ||||||
C16-KGK-NH2 | 1.67 ± 0.09 6.31 ± 0.26 | 6.74 ± 0.41 5.48 ± 0.34 | 2.4 ± 0.36 −1.31 ± 0.15 | 13.96 ± 0.56 8.54 ± 0.59 | −11.56 ± 0.56 −9.84 ± 0.47 |
Counterion | Mass Fraction mg/mg | RSD % | Relative Content |
---|---|---|---|
No counterion | 0.965 | 2.343 | 100% |
TFA− | 0.596 | 5.633 | 62% |
AcO− | 0.691 | 5.065 | 72% |
Cl− | 0.749 | 5.138 | 78% |
Model | APL [Å2] | Thickness [Å] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Top Leaflet | Bottom Leaflet | ||||||
RaLPS | POPG | POPE | CDL2 | POPG | POPE | ||
G− | 182.03 ± 0.30 | - | - | 73.54 ± 2.93 | 64.74 ± 3.17 | 62.98 ± 0.27 | 36.60 ± 0.01 |
G−/peptide | 179.83 ± 0.25 | 74.15 ± 2.32 | 64.04 ± 2.65 | 62.13 ± 0.23 | 36.73 ± 0.09 | ||
G+ | 63.39 ± 0.53 | 58.58 ± 1.06 | - | 63.40 ± 0.50 | 58.53 ± 1.18 | 39.98 ± 0.02 | |
G+/peptide | 34.56 ± 0.77 | 39.50 ± 0.98 | 67.63 ± 6.14 | 63.07 ± 1.31 | 39.29 ± 0.17 | ||
D [10−7 cm2/s] | |||||||
G− | 0.014 ± 0.008 | 3.94 ± 0.38 | 5.16 ± 0.17 | 5.23 ± 0.25 | |||
G−/peptide | 0.013 ± 0.006 | 2.66 ± 0.43 | 6.46 ± 0.79 | 4.71 ± 0.03 | |||
G+ | - | 4.33 ± 0.87 | 4.68 ± 0.89 | - | 4.56 ± 0.64 | 5.01 ± 0.66 | |
G+/peptide | - | 4.21 ± 0.21 | 4.24 ± 0.09 | - | 6.55 ± 0.27 | 5.65 ± 0.81 |
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Stachurski, O.; Neubauer, D.; Walewska, A.; Iłowska, E.; Bauer, M.; Bartoszewska, S.; Sikora, K.; Hać, A.; Wyrzykowski, D.; Prahl, A.; et al. Understanding the Role of Self-Assembly and Interaction with Biological Membranes of Short Cationic Lipopeptides in the Effective Design of New Antibiotics. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1491. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111491
Stachurski O, Neubauer D, Walewska A, Iłowska E, Bauer M, Bartoszewska S, Sikora K, Hać A, Wyrzykowski D, Prahl A, et al. Understanding the Role of Self-Assembly and Interaction with Biological Membranes of Short Cationic Lipopeptides in the Effective Design of New Antibiotics. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(11):1491. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111491
Chicago/Turabian StyleStachurski, Oktawian, Damian Neubauer, Aleksandra Walewska, Emilia Iłowska, Marta Bauer, Sylwia Bartoszewska, Karol Sikora, Aleksandra Hać, Dariusz Wyrzykowski, Adam Prahl, and et al. 2022. "Understanding the Role of Self-Assembly and Interaction with Biological Membranes of Short Cationic Lipopeptides in the Effective Design of New Antibiotics" Antibiotics 11, no. 11: 1491. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111491