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Biosensors
Volume 15
Issue 11
10.3390/bios15110732
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Article

End of Apnea Event Prediction Leveraging EEG Signals and Interpretable Machine Learning

by
Hisham ElMoaqet
1,*,
Abdullah Ahmed
1,
Mutaz Ryalat
1,
Natheer Almtireen
1,
Matthew Salanitro
2,
Martin Glos
2 and
Thomas Penzel
2
1
Mechatronics Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan
2
Center of Sleep Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biosensors 2025, 15(11), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15110732
Submission received: 13 August 2025 / Revised: 22 October 2025 / Accepted: 29 October 2025 / Published: 2 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Portable Bioelectronic Devices for Telemedicine, Healthcare and Sports Applications)
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Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea is a prevalent sleep disorder with serious health implications. While previous studies focused on detecting apnea events, little is known about the factors that determine whether an apnea episode continues or terminates. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies. In this study, we analyzed 30-s brain activity segments during continuous and ending apnea events to identify neurophysiological markers of event termination, with particular emphasis on the most influential EEG features. Frequency-domain and complexity features were extracted, and several ensemble machine learning models were trained and evaluated. Our results show that the Extra Trees model achieved the highest performance, with an accuracy of 0.88, F1-score for ending apnea of 0.87, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.95. Feature importance analyses and SHAP visualizations highlighted frequency-band energy, Teager–Kaiser energy, and signal complexity as key contributors. Temporal analyses revealed how these features evolve during apnea termination. These findings suggest that cortical activation and transient arousal processes play a decisive role in ending apnea events and may facilitate the development of more advanced adaptive or closed-loop sleep apnea therapies.
Keywords: sleep apnea; EEG; machine learning sleep apnea; EEG; machine learning

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MDPI and ACS Style

ElMoaqet, H.; Ahmed, A.; Ryalat, M.; Almtireen, N.; Salanitro, M.; Glos, M.; Penzel, T. End of Apnea Event Prediction Leveraging EEG Signals and Interpretable Machine Learning. Biosensors 2025, 15, 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15110732

AMA Style

ElMoaqet H, Ahmed A, Ryalat M, Almtireen N, Salanitro M, Glos M, Penzel T. End of Apnea Event Prediction Leveraging EEG Signals and Interpretable Machine Learning. Biosensors. 2025; 15(11):732. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15110732

Chicago/Turabian Style

ElMoaqet, Hisham, Abdullah Ahmed, Mutaz Ryalat, Natheer Almtireen, Matthew Salanitro, Martin Glos, and Thomas Penzel. 2025. "End of Apnea Event Prediction Leveraging EEG Signals and Interpretable Machine Learning" Biosensors 15, no. 11: 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15110732

APA Style

ElMoaqet, H., Ahmed, A., Ryalat, M., Almtireen, N., Salanitro, M., Glos, M., & Penzel, T. (2025). End of Apnea Event Prediction Leveraging EEG Signals and Interpretable Machine Learning. Biosensors, 15(11), 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15110732

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