Stabilization of Copper-Based Biochips with Alumina for Biosensing Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. SPR Measurement Device
2.2. SPR Chip Design
2.3. Vapor Phase Deposition of Copper and Al2O3
2.4. Microfluidic System Coupled to the Functionalized Biochip
2.5. Structural Characterization
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Obtained Morphology
3.2. SPR Measurement on Bare Copper Chips in Water
3.3. SPR Measurement on Protected Copper in Water
3.4. SPR Measurement on Protected COPPER in PBS Solution
4. Simulated Experiments
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Sensitivity and Refractive Indices of the Layers
- Sensitivity measurement
Glycerol Concentration (% m) | 0 | 1 | 5 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Refractive index (RIU-refractometer at 580 nm and 28 °C) | 1.3321 | 1.3334 | 1.3384 | 1.3442 |
Resonance angle shift to reference (°) | 0 | 0.1390 | 0.6670 | 1.2930 |
- Determination of the ratio 0.563
References
- Qu, J.-H.; Dillen, A.; Saeys, W.; Lammertyn, J.; Spasic, D. Advancements in SPR biosensing technology: An overview of recent trends in smart layers design, multiplexing concepts, continuous monitoring and in vivo sensing. Anal. Chim. Acta 2020, 1104, 10–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hagelüken, C. Recycling of (critical) metals. Crit. Met. Handb. 2014, 41–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Liu, G.; Pan, D.; Wang, W.; Wu, Y.; Zuo, T. Overview of the recycling technology for copper-containing cables. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2017, 126, 132–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Figueiredo, V.; Elangovan, E.; Gonçalves, G.; Barquinha, P.; Pereira, L.; Franco, N.; Alves, E.; Martins, R.; Fortunato, E. Effect of post-annealing on the properties of copper oxide thin films obtained from the oxidation of evaporated metallic copper. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2008, 254, 3949–3954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maeda, Y.; Akita, T.; Kohyama, M. High Activity of Gold/Tin-Dioxide Catalysts for Low-Temperature CO Oxidation: Application of a Reducible Metal Oxide to a Catalyst Support. Catal. Lett. 2014, 144, 2086–2090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choudhary, S.; Sarma, J.V.N.; Pande, S.; Ababou-Girard, S.; Turban, P.; Lepine, B.; Gangopadhyay, S. Oxidation mechanism of thin Cu films: A gateway towards the formation of single oxide phase. AIP Adv. 2018, 8, 055114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, S.J.; Kim, Y.I.; Lamichhane, B.; Kim, Y.-H.; Lee, Y.; Cho, C.R.; Cheon, M.; Kim, J.C.; Jeong, H.Y.; Ha, T. Flat-Surface-Assisted and Self-Regulated Oxidation Resistance of Cu (111). Nature 2022, 603, 434–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kravets, V.G.; Jalil, R.; Kim, Y.-J.; Ansell, D.; Aznakayeva, D.E.; Thackray, B.; Britnell, L.; Belle, B.D.; Withers, F.; Radko, I.; et al. Graphene-protected copper and silver plasmonics. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 5517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Krishnan, M.A.; Aneja, K.S.; Shaikh, A.; Bohm, S.; Sarkar, K.; Bohm, H.L.M.; Raja, V.S. Graphene-based anticorrosive coatings for copper. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 499–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daubert, J.S.; Hill, G.T.; Gotsch, H.N.; Gremaud, A.P.; Ovental, J.S.; Williams, P.S.; Oldham, C.J.; Parsons, G.N. Corrosion Protection of Copper Using Al2O3, TiO2, ZnO, HfO2, and ZrO2 Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 4192–4201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shalabney, A.; Abdulhalim, I. Electromagnetic fields distribution in multilayer thin film structures and the origin of sensitivity enhancement in surface plasmon resonance sensors. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2010, 159, 24–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Myers, T.J.; Throckmorton, J.A.; Borrelli, R.A.; O’Sullivan, M.; Hatwar, T.; George, S.M. Smoothing surface roughness using Al2O3 atomic layer deposition. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2021, 569, 150878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chew, S.H.; Gliserin, A.; Choi, S.; Geng, X.T.; Kim, S.; Hwang, W.; Baek, K.; Anh, N.D.; Kim, Y.-J.; Song, Y.M.; et al. Large-area grain-boundary-free copper films for plasmonics. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2020, 521, 146377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dortwegt, R.; Maughan, E.V. The chemistry of copper in water and related studies planned at the Advanced Photon Source. In Proceedings of the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference (Cat. No. 01CH37268), PACS2001, Chicago, IL, USA, 18–22 June 2001; Volume 2, pp. 1456–1458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Latosov, E.; Maaten, B.; Siirde, A.; Konist, A. The influence of O2 and CO2 on the possible corrosion on steel transmission lines of natural gas. Energy Procedia 2018, 147, 63–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aristia, G.; Bäßler, R.; Nofz, M.; Sojref, R.; Kohl, A. Short-term exposure tests of ɣ-Al2O3 Sol-gel coating on X20Cr13 in artificial geothermal waters with different pH. Geothermics 2021, 96, 102193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lechaux, Y.; Fadjie-Djomkam, A.B.; Bollaert, S.; Wichmann, N. Impact of Oxygen Plasma Postoxidation Process on Al2O3/n-In0.53Ga0.47As Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Capacitors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2016, 109, 131602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strohmeier, B.R. The effects of O2 plasma treatments on the surface composition and wettability of cold-rolled aluminum foil. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 1989, 7, 3238–3245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petryayeva, E.; Krull, U.J. Localized surface plasmon resonance: Nanostructures, bioassays and biosensing—A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 706, 8–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boidin, R.; Halenkovič, T.; Nazabal, V.; Beneš, L.; Němec, P. Pulsed laser deposited alumina thin films. Ceram. Int. 2016, 42, 1177–1182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yakubovsky, D.I.; Arsenin, A.V.; Stebunov, Y.; Fedyanin, D.; Volkov, V.S. Optical constants and structural properties of thin gold films. Opt. Express 2017, 25, 25574–25587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Palik, E.D. Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, 1st ed.; Academic Press: Orlando, FL, USA, 1985; pp. 275–367. [Google Scholar]
- Palik, E.D. Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, 1st ed.; Academic Press: Boston, MA, USA, 1991; Volume 2, pp. 875–883. [Google Scholar]
- Refractive Index of SCHOTT—BK (Borosilicate Crown)—N-BK7. Available online: https://refractiveindex.info/?shelf=glass&book=SCHOTT-BK&page=N-BK7 (accessed on 11 October 2022).
- Daimon, M.; Masumura, A. Measurement of the refractive index of distilled water from the near-infrared region to the ultraviolet region. Appl. Opt. 2007, 46, 3811–3820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McPeak, K.M.; Jayanti, S.V.; Kress, S.J.P.; Meyer, S.; Iotti, S.; Rossinelli, A.; Norris, D.J. Plasmonic Films Can Easily Be Better: Rules and Recipes. ACS Photon. 2015, 2, 326–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Thickness (nm) | Cr:2 Au:47 | Cu: 46 | Cu: 46 Al2O3: 1 | Cu: 46 Al2O3: 2 | Cu: 46 Al2O3: 3 | Cu: 46 Al2O3: 4 | Cu: 46 Al2O3: 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resonance angle (°) | 68.62 | 69.02 | 69.30 | 69.59 | 69.89 | 70.19 | 70.50 |
Sensitivity (° RIU−1) | 119.1 | 121.2 | 122.4 | 123.7 | 125.1 | 126.4 | 127.9 |
FoM (RIU−1) | 25.6 | 27.32 | 26.81 | 26.33 | 25.86 | 25.42 | 25.01 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Beydoun, N.; Niberon, Y.; Arnaud, L.; Proust, J.; Nomenyo, K.; Zeng, S.; Lerondel, G.; Bruyant, A. Stabilization of Copper-Based Biochips with Alumina for Biosensing Application. Biosensors 2022, 12, 1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121132
Beydoun N, Niberon Y, Arnaud L, Proust J, Nomenyo K, Zeng S, Lerondel G, Bruyant A. Stabilization of Copper-Based Biochips with Alumina for Biosensing Application. Biosensors. 2022; 12(12):1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121132
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeydoun, Nour, Yann Niberon, Laurent Arnaud, Julien Proust, Komla Nomenyo, Shuwen Zeng, Gilles Lerondel, and Aurelien Bruyant. 2022. "Stabilization of Copper-Based Biochips with Alumina for Biosensing Application" Biosensors 12, no. 12: 1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121132