Design and Engineering of a Palm-Sized Optical Immunosensing Device for the Detection of a Kidney Dysfunction Biomarker
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Designing of Sensing Probe
2.3. C/DZ/EDC-NHS/Anti-CR Biosensor Probe Testing
3. Experimental Results
3.1. Color Channel Selection
3.2. Characterization of C/DZ/EDC-NHS/Anti-CR/Cr Probe
3.3. Analytical Performance of C/DZ/EDC-NHS/Anti-CR Biosensor
3.4. Selectivity Assay
3.5. Analysis of Spiked Samples
3.6. Device Design
3.7. Storage, Stability and Reproducibility Test
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sr. No. | Analyte | Detection Method | Sensor Configuration | Time | Real Sample | Detection Range | Clinical Range | Point-of-Care Device Prototype | Limit of Detection | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Creatinine | Optical (Colorimetric) | CuNPs have been integrated with L-cysteine for selective and sensitive interaction with Creatinine | 20 min | Serum and Urine matrix | 0.33–5.33 μM | NO | NO | 0.454 nM | [45] |
2. | Creatinine | Optical (Colorimetric) | ABTS was introduced and entrapped in fluorine-doped tin oxide-modified chitosan film | 12.5 min | Urine matrix | 0–21300 μM | YES | NO | 400 μM | [46] |
3. | Creatinine | Colorimetric | 3D-printed element was integrated with smartphone for detection using Hue channel intensity in Jaffe method | 6 min | Urine matrix | 1000–2000 μM | NO | NO | 350 μM | [47] |
4. | Creatinine | Colorimetric | 3,5-dinitrobenzoate was used for quantification by targeting green channel intensity | 6 min | Urine matrix | 820–105 μM | NO | NO | 270 μM | [47] |
5. | Creatinine | Fluorescence | Glutathione based copper nanoclusters were designed using ascorbic acid for turn-on mode | 15 min | Urine matrix | 30–1000 μM | YES | NO | 13.0 μM | [48] |
6. | Creatinine | Optical | C-gold nanocomposite was designed using carbon nanodots derived from Citrullus lanatus for photoluminescent imaging | 10 min | Not Performed | 17–1700 μM | YES | NO | 6.19 μM | [49] |
7. | Creatinine | Optical | H2O2 released through creatinine conversion was detected by reacting it with 4-aminophenazone and hydroxybenzoic acid on a μPAD | 15 min | Urine matrix | 221–2210 μM | NO | NO | 176 μM | [43] |
8. | Creatinine | Optical (fluorescence) | Gluten stabilized gold quantum cluster was developed to form on/off system for creatinine | 3 hr | Serum matrix | 20–520 μM | YES | NO | 2 nM | [50] |
9. | Creatinine | Optical | Silver nanoparticles were capped with 2,2-thiodiacetic acid to react with creatinine | 5 min | Serum matrix | 0.01–1 μM | NO | NO | 3 nM | [44] |
10. | Creatinine | Optical (Colorimetric) | Gold nanoparticles were modified with mercury and detection was performed on synergistic coordination | 5 min | Urine matrix | 15–35 µM | NO | NO | 19.8 nM | [51] |
11. | Creatinine | Optical (Colorimetric) | Silver nanoparticles capped with citrate for creatinine detection | 1 min | Urine matrix | 0–4.2 µM | NO | NO | 53.4 nM | [52] |
12. | Creatinine | Optical | 3,5 dinitrobenzoic acid was used as chromophore for creatinine detection | 2 min | Urine matrix | 10–30 µM | NO | NO | Not reported | [53] |
13. | Creatinine | Optical | Methylamino phenol sulfate was used for oxidation using copper sulfate in presence of creatinine | 30 min | Serum matrix | 4.4–620 µM | YES | NO | 145 nM | [54] |
14. | Creatinine | Optical | Gold nanoparticles were capped with citrate for the detection of creatinine | 24 min | Urine matrix | 0.1–20 mM | NO | NO | 80 µM | [55] |
15. | Creatinine | Optical | C/DZ/EDC-NHS/Anti-CR/Cr | 7 min | Serum matrix | 5–400 μM | YES | YES | 15.37 nM | This work |
S.No | Spiked (μM) | Recovered (μM) | Recovery (%) | RSD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5 | 4.77 (±0.05) | 95.40 | 1.10 |
2 | 7.5 | 6.75 (±0.18) | 90.09 | 2.80 |
3 | 10 | 9.54 (±0.25) | 95.46 | 2.66 |
4 | 15 | 13.45 (±0.26) | 89.71 | 1.96 |
5 | 20 | 19.46 (±0.39) | 97.30 | 2.02 |
6 | 35 | 32.99 (±0.99) | 94.27 | 3.02 |
7 | 50 | 47.31 (±1.41) | 94.62 | 2.98 |
8 | 100 | 92.55 (±2.92) | 92.55 | 3.15 |
9 | 150 | 139.99 (±4.61) | 93.32 | 3.29 |
10 | 200 | 189.29 (±5.39) | 94.64 | 2.84 |
11 | 300 | 288.73 (±3.62) | 96.24 | 1.25 |
12 | 400 | 384.50 (±4.01) | 96.12 | 1.04 |
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Divya; Mahapatra, S.; Chandra, P. Design and Engineering of a Palm-Sized Optical Immunosensing Device for the Detection of a Kidney Dysfunction Biomarker. Biosensors 2022, 12, 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121118
Divya, Mahapatra S, Chandra P. Design and Engineering of a Palm-Sized Optical Immunosensing Device for the Detection of a Kidney Dysfunction Biomarker. Biosensors. 2022; 12(12):1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121118
Chicago/Turabian StyleDivya, Supratim Mahapatra, and Pranjal Chandra. 2022. "Design and Engineering of a Palm-Sized Optical Immunosensing Device for the Detection of a Kidney Dysfunction Biomarker" Biosensors 12, no. 12: 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121118