Synthesis of Poly-Sodium-Acrylate (PSA)-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Use in Forward Osmosis Draw Solutions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Preparation of PSA-MNPs Solutions
- Sample A: Stock solution PSA (20 mmol PSA in 10 mL DI water):Stock solution MNPs = 1:1,
- Sample B: Stock solution PSA (1 mmol PSA in 10 mL DI water):Stock solution MNPs = 1:2 and
- Sample C: Stock solution (0.66 mmol PSA in 10 mL DI water) PSA:Stock solution MNPs = 1:3.
2.3. Characterization of Nanoparticles
2.3.1. Structural X-Ray Powder Diffraction
2.3.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.3.3. Surface Charge, Hydrodynamic Diameter, and Size Distribution Measurements
2.3.4. Particle Morphology Determined by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.3.5. Characterisation by Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.3.6. Osmolality Measurements
2.3.7. Magnetization Study by Vibrating Sample Magnetometry
2.4. Forward Osmosis (FO) Experiments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analyses of Uncoated and Coated Samples A, B and C Using XRD, FTIR, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Zeta Potential
3.2. Analyses of Sample A
3.3. Evaluation of PSA-MNPs as Draw Solution (DS) in FO
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Molar Ratio PSA-MNPs. | pH | ζ-Potential (mV) | Osmotic Pressure (bar) | m (%) (air) | ns (molecules/nm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample A: 1:1 | 9.5 | −42.9 | 9 | 37 | 0.95 |
Sample B: 1:2 | 8.3 | −35.5 | 5.5 | 22 | 0.46 |
Sample C: 1:3 | 9.2 | −41.8 | 0.2 | 15 | 0.29 |
Sample A. | Osmotic Pressure (bar) | Concentration (g/L) | d (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
As-prepared sample | 30 | 0.1 | 520 |
Retentate from first UF purification | 9 | 0.1 | 290 |
Retentate from second UF purification | 4 | 0.1 | 300 |
Sonicated retentate after second UF purification | 6 | 0.1 | 50 |
Retentate from third UF purification | 1.3 | 0.1 | 630 |
Sonicated retentate after third UF purification | 2.3 | 0.1 | 35 |
FS | DS | Initial Osmotic Pressure (bar) | Jw (L/m2h) | Js (g/m2·h) | Js/Jw (g/L) | Vpermeate in 1 h (mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DI water | PSA-MNP | 9 | 3.8 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 10.6 |
Sample A | Conductivity (mS/cm) |
---|---|
Permeate from first UF purification | 15.9 |
Permeate from second UF purification | 2.64 |
Permeate from third UF purification | 1.2 |
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Ban, I.; Markuš, S.; Gyergyek, S.; Drofenik, M.; Korenak, J.; Helix-Nielsen, C.; Petrinić, I. Synthesis of Poly-Sodium-Acrylate (PSA)-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Use in Forward Osmosis Draw Solutions. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091238
Ban I, Markuš S, Gyergyek S, Drofenik M, Korenak J, Helix-Nielsen C, Petrinić I. Synthesis of Poly-Sodium-Acrylate (PSA)-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Use in Forward Osmosis Draw Solutions. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(9):1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091238
Chicago/Turabian StyleBan, Irena, Sabina Markuš, Sašo Gyergyek, Miha Drofenik, Jasmina Korenak, Claus Helix-Nielsen, and Irena Petrinić. 2019. "Synthesis of Poly-Sodium-Acrylate (PSA)-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Use in Forward Osmosis Draw Solutions" Nanomaterials 9, no. 9: 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091238