ZnO Nanostructures and Electrospun ZnO–Polymeric Hybrid Nanomaterials in Biomedical, Health, and Sustainability Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Toxicity Studies on ZnO Nanostructures In Vitro
2.1. ZnO Nanoparticles
2.2. Other Type of ZnO Nanostructures
3. Toxicity Studies on ZnO Nanostructures In Vivo
- Most of the experiments were carried out on laboratory animals;
- In most cases, the doses were administered at one time and the concentration was significantly higher than the actual exposure conditions;
- There was no analysis of the long-term effects on the organism;
- There was no long-term study evaluating the effects due to exposure to small systemic concentrations.
- (1)
- The incidence of the shape and size of the particles; in fact, other studies reported that spherical and smaller nanoparticles are more likely to be taken up;
- (2)
- The use, in this study, of small doses, comparable to those used in clinical procedures, which were much lower than those generally used in literature;
- (3)
- The difference in conditions between in vitro and in vivo studies. The authors stressed the importance of the results obtained, but also the importance of carrying out further studies considering different routes of exposure, such as dermis, inhalation, etc.
4. New Approaches to Synthetize Safe ZnO Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications and Cancer Therapy
5. Influence of the Chemical and Physical Properties of the ZnO Nanostructures on Toxicity
6. ZnO–Polymeric Hybrid Electrospun Nanomaterials
6.1. Tissue-Engineering Applications
6.2. Wound-Healing Applications
6.3. Antimicrobial Materials
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref | C0 | Well Type | Cell Line | ZnO NStr Type | ZnO NStr Dimensions | Cell Viability Assay |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[41] | 1 × 105 cells/well | 96-well plates | T-cell | NPs | 4–20 nm | L/D |
[41] | 5 × 104 cells/well | 96-well plates | Jurkat | NPs | 4–20 nm | L/D |
[42] | 5 × 104 cells/well | 12-well culture dish | BEAS-2B | NPs | ~10 nm | WST |
[53] | - | 96-well plates | HMMs | NWs | 120 nm × 2–5 µm | NR |
[44] | 5 × 104 cells/cm2 | Flat 96-well plates | NHDF | TRPs | ~37 nm | MTT |
[62] | 1 × 104 cells/mL in each well | 96-well plates | Mouse podocytes | NPs | 20–80 nm | MTT |
[61] | 1 × 104 cells/well | 96-well plates | LCs | NPs | 70 nm | MTT |
[61] | 1 × 104 cells/well | 96-well plates | SCs | NPs | MTT | |
[47] | 1 × 104 cells/well | 96-well plates | HEK 293 | NPs | 25–40 nm | NR |
[64] | 1 × 104 cells/well | 96-well plates | A549 | NCs | 4.7 ± 0.8 nm | MTT |
[64] | 1 × 104 cells/well | 96-well plates | MRC-5 | MTT | ||
[46] | 1 × 105 cells/well | 96-well round-bottom plates | FaDu | NPs | 20 nm | MTT |
[46] | 1 × 105 cells/well | 96-well round-bottom plates | BMSC | NPs | TB | |
[65] | 104 cells/mL | 96-well plates | HeLa | NPs | ~50 nm | WST |
[55] | 1 × 104 cells well | 96-well plates | A549 (2) | NRs | diameter ≈ 52 nm | MTT |
Type of System | Ref | Description of the System | ZnO Concentration | Cell Line/Bacteria | In Vivo Experiments | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZnO NStr/ZnO array for experimental purposes | [74] | ZnO NFls arrays on Si substrate | Zinc nitrate solution 25 mM | MC3T3-E1 osteoblast culture | Implantation on calvarial bone defects of Sprague Dawley rats | Formation of lamellipodia and filopodia |
[74] | ZnO NWs arrays incubated with a collagen solution | PC12 and H9C2 | _ | Adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of two different electrically excitable mammalian cell lines | ||
[77] | ZnO NWs arrays on a glass substrate | Mesoangioblasts | _ | - Reversibly locked differentiation - No cell damage - Differentiation capabilities completely recovered upon cell removal from the nanowire substrate and re-plating on standard culture glass | ||
ZnO/PCL electrospun scaffold | [93] | PCL+ZnO NPs | 0.5–6 wt.% | HDFa | Implantation in guinea pigs | - Proangiogenic properties of ZnO/PCL fibers - Increase in the formation of mature blood vessels and highly branched capillary network |
[91] | PCL and PCL/gelatin + ZnO NPs | 0, 5, 15, 30 wt.% | Pg, Fn, hDPSCs, AllCells LLC, Alameda, CA. | _ | - Potential application in periodontal regeneration - Good antibacterial properties | |
[92] | PCL matrix + zero-valent Zn NPs | 5, 10, 15, 20 wt% | Neuroglioblastoma cells, human primary fibroblasts | _ | Small concentrations of Zn NPs promoted neuronal cell proliferation with relative non-toxicity for fibroblasts | |
ZnO–polymeric (other polymers) electrospun implantable scaffold | [97] | ZnO–PU scaffold | 5 wt.% | mouse fibroblast | _ | Fibroblast viability, adhesion, and proliferation |
[96] | (PVDF–TrFE) + ZnO NP scaffold | 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 wt.% | Red blood cells, White blood cells, platelet, hMSCs), HUVECs | Subcutaneous implantation in Wistar rats | - Tissue regeneration due to the piezoelectric properties of the composite components - Biocompatibility of the system in vitro - Angiogenic properties in vivo | |
[94] | β-phase PVDF + ZnO NPs | 0.5, 1, 2 mg/mL | Human osteoblasts, S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, E. coli. | _ | - Improvement of the elongation modulus at break and load stress - Greater osteoblast density and antibacterial properties of the piezoelectrically excited scaffold | |
[98] | 1D ZnO-dopedTiO2 fabricated using colloidal gel | 1 and 10 μg/mL of ZnO/TO2 | C2C12 myoblast cells | _ | Beneficial effect on the adhesion, proliferation, and growth of myoblasts | |
[36] | PMMA + ZnO NPs fibers and films | 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 wt.%. | Fibroblast cells (L929) | _ | - Good proliferation of fibroblast cells - Thermal stability - Luminescence with emission in the near-UV range |
Type of System | Ref | Description of the System | ZnO Concentration | Cell Line/Bacteria | In Vivo Experiments | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electrospun fibrous membranes | [108] | Sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) fibrous mat + ZnO NPs | 0.5, 1, 2.5 wt.% | L929 fibroblasts cells, S. aureus, E. coli | - Fibers with 0.5 and 1% ZnO concentrations are less toxic - Inhibition for both the bacteria - Toxicity increase at the high ZnO concentration. | |
[109] | PCL + ZnO NPs | 1, 2, 4 wt.% | Membranes implanted subcutaneously in guinea pigs | - ZnO enhanced the cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation -No significant sign of inflammation - In vivo implant enhanced the wound healing without any scar formation | ||
[110] | Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)–ZnO in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy-valerate) | CNC–ZnO suspension at 0, 3, 5, 10, 15 wt.% | E. coli and S. aureus | - Improvement in tensile strength and in Young’s modulus - High thermal stability -Good antibacterial activity | ||
[111] | Chitosan/PVA/ZnO NP nanofibrous membranes | E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, S. aureus | Subcutaneous wounds in diabetes-induced rabbits | - High antibacterial and antioxidant potential - ZnO accelerated wound healing in vivo | ||
Spongy hydrogels | [104] | Ag/ZnO into chitosan sponge | Immersion in 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL of Ag/ZnO and in 0.5 mg/mL of ZnO solution | S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, human normal hepatocyte (L02) | BALB/c mice: wound with a length of 7 mm on the back | - Evaluation of the porosity, swelling, blood clotting, and in vitro antibacterial activity -Low toxicity in vitro - Enhanced wound healing, re-epithelialization, and collagen deposition in vivo |
[105] | Hydrogels of heparinized PVA/chitosan/ZnO NPs | Mouse fibroblast cells (L-929), E. coli, S. aureus | - Heparin release rate decreased by adding ZnO NPs - Good antibacterial protection of wounds | |||
[106] | Porous keratin–chitosan/n-ZnO hydrogel | ZnO nanopowder 0, 0.5, 1 wt.% | fibroblasts cells (NIH 3T3), E. coli, S. aureus | Sprague-Dawley rats: skin wound of 1.5 cm2 in the dorsum of the rat | - Biocompatibility in vitro. - Increased wound curing in vivo with quicker skin cell construction and collagen development | |
Gel and gelatin nanofibers or ointments | [112] | Cefazolin + ZnO NPs electrospun gelatin nanofiber mats | 1:1 w/w combination of cefazolin and ZnO NPs (1–64 μg/mL) | In vitro release studies + antibacterial property for S. aureus | Wistar rats: 2-cm-long incision | - Therapeutic approaches for post-operative wound - Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration - Hybrid antibacterial nature of ZnO NPs and cefazolin - Accelerated wound healing |
[29] | AgNPs and Ag–ZnO NPs formulated into gel using Carbapol 934 | 0.1 g of NPs | Adult male albino Wistar rats: excision wound (4 cm length and 2 mm depth) | - Wound-healing properties of Ag–ZnO NPs in vivo - Rapid healing within 10 days when compared with pure AgNPs and standard drug dermazin |
Type of System | Ref | Application | Description of the System | ZnO Concentration | Cell Line/Bacteria | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZnO Coating | [120] | Antimicrobial activity against food pathogens | ZnO (ZnO nanoparticle suspension)-coated Polyvinyl chloride film | 93.75 and 187.5 ug/cm2 | E. coli, S. aureus, fungal Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum | - Antimicrobial activities of Polyvinyl chloride-based films to inactivate food pathogens - Effective antibacterial activity for S. aureus - No antifungal activity |
[127] | Advanced functional textile | ZnO NP-coated polyvinylsilsesquioxane (PVSQ) composite | 0, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 g | E. coli and S. aureus | - Excellent UV shielding and stable superhydrophobic properties - Enhanced mechanical properties and thermal stability - Larger resistivity of the E. coli compared to the S. aureus | |
Electrospun nanocomposite membranes | [125] | Hydrophobic–bactericidal materials | ZnO NPs embedded on CA fibrous membrane | 0.2 mol of zinc acetate dihydrate | Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii | - Hydrophobic nature of the surface - Strong antibacterial activity |
[123] | Antibacterial application | PA-6 nanofiber modified with ZnO using ALD + hydrothermal reaction | 100–150 cycles of ALD with ZnO seed layers (14.6 nm) | S. aureus | Efficient in suppression of bacteria survivorship | |
[127] | Removal of biological/organic contaminants for water treatment and purification | CuO–ZnO–PVA nanofibers | 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 ug/mL | E. coli and S. aureus | - Enhanced adsorption efficiency and antibacterial properties - Excellent adsorption capacity for congo red dye | |
[126] | Photocatalysis and antimicrobial activity for organic pollutant degradation and waste water purification | Hierarchical ZnO NR deposited on PU nanofiber | E. coli | - High photocatalytic/antimicrobial activity at the low-intensity UV LED device with good reusability - Measure of the degradation of the methylene blue (MB) solution | ||
[124] | Antibacterial nanocomposite wound dressings | ZnO NP–PCL uniaxial or coaxial fiber structure | ZnO NPs 9, 12, 15 and 25 wt.% relative to PCL | E. coli, S. aureus | - Inhibition of planktonic and biofilm bacterial growth - Increased antibacterial properties for coaxial fibers and for exposure to UV-A light prior to bacteria inoculation | |
Gelatin composite films | [121] | Active shrimp packaging | ZnO NRs/clove essential oil incorporated into type B gelatin composite films | NR loading concentration 2% w/w of gelatin | Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium | - Film with low flexibility and high mechanical resistance- Oxygen and UV barrier property increased with ZnO NR incorporation - Composite films loaded with 50% clove essential oil and with ZnO NRs showed maximum antibacterial activity |
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Ferrone, E.; Araneo, R.; Notargiacomo, A.; Pea, M.; Rinaldi, A. ZnO Nanostructures and Electrospun ZnO–Polymeric Hybrid Nanomaterials in Biomedical, Health, and Sustainability Applications. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101449
Ferrone E, Araneo R, Notargiacomo A, Pea M, Rinaldi A. ZnO Nanostructures and Electrospun ZnO–Polymeric Hybrid Nanomaterials in Biomedical, Health, and Sustainability Applications. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(10):1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101449
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerrone, Eloisa, Rodolfo Araneo, Andrea Notargiacomo, Marialilia Pea, and Antonio Rinaldi. 2019. "ZnO Nanostructures and Electrospun ZnO–Polymeric Hybrid Nanomaterials in Biomedical, Health, and Sustainability Applications" Nanomaterials 9, no. 10: 1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101449