Effect of Temperature on the Physical, Electro-Chemical and Adsorption Properties of Carbon Micro-Spheres Using Hydrothermal Carbonization Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussions
2.1. Effect of Temperature on Physical, Electrochemical, and Thermal Properties of Hydro-Char
2.1.1. Yield, Energy Content, pH, Electrical Conductivity, and Ultimate Analysis
2.1.2. Thermogravimetric/Proximate Analysis
2.1.3. Surface Morphology Analysis
2.1.4. Surface Area and Porosity Analysis
2.1.5. Crystallinity or X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
2.2. Equilibrium Adsorption Isotherm and Thermodynamic Parameters Evaluation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Grinding and Sieving of Dimocarpus longan Peel (LFP)
3.2. Delignification of Dimocarpus longan Peel (LFP)
3.3. Hydrothermal Carbonization of HC and LFP
3.4. Synthesis of Carbon Micro-Spheres and Physical and Electro-Chemical Characterizations
3.5. Equilibrium Adsorption Isotherm and Thermodynamics Studies
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Ultimate or CHNOS Analysis (wt %) | Yield | HHV | pH | EC | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | H | N | O | S | H/C | O/C | % | MJ-Kg−1 | - | mS | |
Raw LFP | 32.65 | 10.87 | 2.12 | 54.34 | 0.02 | 0.33 | 1.66 | - | 18.05 | - | - |
LFP-200 | 40.78 | 7.66 | 2.02 | 49.51 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 1.21 | 56.45 | 18.95 | 4.92 | 0.97 |
LFP-250 | 52.21 | 4.67 | 1.23 | 41.87 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.80 | 43.89 | 19.09 | 5.79 | 1.48 |
LFP-300 | 70.88 | 3.65 | 1.01 | 26.45 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 33.32 | 25.56 | 5.99 | 1.72 |
Raw HC | 32.77 | 10.40 | 6.06 | 50.74 | 0.04 | 0.32 | 1.55 | - | 18.46 | - | - |
HC-200 | 41.88 | 8.35 | 5.12 | 44.63 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 1.06 | 57.45 | 19.61 | 4.85 | 0.91 |
HC-250 | 53.99 | 5.01 | 2.01 | 38.96 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.72 | 48.98 | 20.44 | 5.65 | 1.23 |
HC-300 | 71.99 | 3.02 | 0.55 | 24.41 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.34 | 35.89 | 25.86 | 5.98 | 1.55 |
Sample | Proximate Analysis (wt %) | DTGMax | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water Content | Volatile Matter | Fixed Carbon | Ash | ||
Raw LFP | 8.07 | 77.88 | 3.38 | 10.67 | 334.78 |
LFP-200 | 6.78 | 40.67 | 41.54 | 11.01 | 342.37 |
LFP-250 | 4.25 | 30.32 | 52.23 | 13.20 | 355.77 |
LFP-300 | 2.89 | 10.78 | 71.55 | 14.78 | 369.89 |
Raw HC | 9.23 | 76.45 | 2.99 | 11.33 | 324.89 |
HC-200 | 6.66 | 39.23 | 40.12 | 13.99 | 335.98 |
HC-250 | 5.89 | 23.32 | 55.87 | 14.92 | 349.90 |
HC-300 | 2.12 | 11.88 | 69.33 | 16.67 | 357.99 |
Sample | BET Surface Area (m2/g) | BJH Cumulative Adsorption Surface Area (m2/g) | Total Pore Volume × 10−3 (cm3/g) | Average Pore Diameter (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Raw LFP | 3.02 | 1.04 | 0.022 | 0.56 |
LFP-200 | 9.76 | 8.88 | 0.036 | 3.23 |
LFP-250 | 13.65 | 11.09 | 0.055 | 4.98 |
LFP-300 | 18.32 | 15.77 | 0.068 | 8.98 |
Raw HC | 1.51 | 1.02 | 0.013 | 0.22 |
HC-200 | 5.98 | 4.77 | 0.021 | 1.23 |
HC-250 | 7.12 | 5.43 | 0.034 | 2.12 |
HC-300 | 10.76 | 8.88 | 0.046 | 5.67 |
Sample | Temperature | Langmuir Isotherm | Freundlich Isotherm | Temkin Isotherm | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
°C | qmax (mg/g) | KL (L/mg) | RL | R2 | KF (mg/g) (L/mg)1/n | 1/n | R2 | B | KT (L/mg) | R2 | |
LFP-300 | 30 | 20.40 | 0.1658 | 0.038 | 0.998 | 4.474 | 0.401 | 0.879 | 3.964 | 4.5815 | 0.935 |
40 | 21.27 | 0.2143 | 0.030 | 0.999 | 7.027 | 0.263 | 0.967 | 3.766 | 25.621 | 0.986 | |
50 | 22.72 | 0.3135 | 0.021 | 0.998 | 6.461 | 0.324 | 0.907 | 3.781 | 84.576 | 0.978 | |
HC-300 | 30 | 17.03 | 0.1691 | 0.035 | 0.992 | 1.229 | 0.534 | 0.932 | 4.002 | 3.2861 | 0.989 |
40 | 17.54 | 0.2132 | 0.026 | 0.918 | 1.122 | 0.584 | 0.968 | 3.727 | 3.7488 | 0.933 | |
50 | 18.59 | 0.3015 | 0.032 | 0.909 | 1.052 | 0.434 | 0.978 | 3.702 | 2.491 | 0.903 |
Sample | Temperature, °K | ∆G° (KJ-mol−1) | ∆H° (KJ-mol−1) | ∆S° (JK−1 mol−1) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
303 | −4.526 | +25.870 | +0.0702 | 0.9821 | |
LFP-300 | 323 | −4.009 | |||
343 | −3.118 | ||||
303 | −4.477 | +23.462 | +0.0624 | 0.981 | |
HC-300 | 323 | −4.021 | |||
343 | −3.219 |
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Chowdhury, Z.Z.; Krishnan, B.; Sagadevan, S.; Rafique, R.F.; Hamizi, N.A.B.; Abdul Wahab, Y.; Khan, A.A.; Johan, R.B.; Al-douri, Y.; Kazi, S.N.; et al. Effect of Temperature on the Physical, Electro-Chemical and Adsorption Properties of Carbon Micro-Spheres Using Hydrothermal Carbonization Process. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080597
Chowdhury ZZ, Krishnan B, Sagadevan S, Rafique RF, Hamizi NAB, Abdul Wahab Y, Khan AA, Johan RB, Al-douri Y, Kazi SN, et al. Effect of Temperature on the Physical, Electro-Chemical and Adsorption Properties of Carbon Micro-Spheres Using Hydrothermal Carbonization Process. Nanomaterials. 2018; 8(8):597. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080597
Chicago/Turabian StyleChowdhury, Zaira Zaman, Bagavathi Krishnan, Suresh Sagadevan, Rahman Faizur Rafique, Nor Aliya Binti Hamizi, Yasmin Abdul Wahab, Ali Akbar Khan, Rafie Bin Johan, Y. Al-douri, Salim Newaz Kazi, and et al. 2018. "Effect of Temperature on the Physical, Electro-Chemical and Adsorption Properties of Carbon Micro-Spheres Using Hydrothermal Carbonization Process" Nanomaterials 8, no. 8: 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080597