Porous Carrageenan-Derived Carbons for Efficient Ciprofloxacin Removal from Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Preparation of the Activated Carbons
2.3. Adsorption Experiments
2.3.1. Effect of pH, Sorbent Dosage and Equilibrium Isotherms
2.3.2. Effect of Contact Time
2.4. Materials Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the Carbon Materials
3.2. Uptake of Ciprofloxacin From Water
3.2.1. Effect of pH on Adsorption in Aqueous Medium
3.2.2. Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
3.2.3. Isotherm Studies
3.2.4. Effect of Contact Time and Kinetic Studies
3.3. Comparison with Other Sorbents
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | DSEM (µm/nm) a | C (wt%) b | H (wt%) b | S (wt%) b | O (wt%) b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HC-κ | 3.98 ± 1.63 µm | 70.734 | 4.453 | u.l.d. c | 24.813 |
HC-ι | 2.97 ± 1.18 µm | 71.214 | 4.479 | 0.356 | 23.951 |
HC-λ | 4.92 ± 0.48 µm | 67.141 | 4.112 | u.l.d c | 28.747 |
AC-κ | 45.9 ± 22.8 nm | 89.592 | 0.592 | u.l.d c | 9.816 |
AC-ι | 157.3 ± 51.5 nm | 73.315 | 3.266 | u.l.d c | 23.419 |
AC-λ | 54.1 ± 14.3 nm | 78.879 | 0.418 | u.l.d c | 20.703 |
Sample | SBET (m2/g) | VT (cm3/g) | Vmicro (cm3/g) | dP (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
HC-κ | 4.88 | 0.0070 | -- | 5.4 |
HC-ι | 30.44 | 0.0245 | -- | 3.8 |
HC-λ | 11.89 | 0.0107 | -- | 5.2 |
AC-κ | 2345.6 | 1.336 | 0.836 | 2.3 |
AC-ι | 2804.9 | 1.229 | 1.087 | 1.8 |
AC-λ | 2515.8 | 1.164 | 0.968 | 1.9 |
Isotherm | Sample | Model Parameters | Goodness of Fit | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Langmuir | qL (mg·g−1) | KL (L·mg−1) | R2 | χ2 | ||
AC-κ | 410.1 | 3.616 | 0.9494 | 40.06 | ||
AC-ι | 327.5 | 3.907 | 0.9808 | 7.412 | ||
AC-λ | 435.6 | 2.941 | 0.8528 | 131.1 | ||
Freundlich | KF (mg(1−1/n)·L(1/n)·g−1) | n | R2 | χ2 | ||
AC-κ | 245.6 | 4.991 | 0.8943 | 66.59 | ||
AC-ι | 215.0 | 7.314 | 0.8431 | 79.09 | ||
AC-λ | 245.6 | 4.912 | 0.9315 | 45.27 | ||
Sips | NT(mg·g−1) | a (L·mg−1) | m | R2 | χ2 | |
AC-κ | 460.9 | 1.732 | 0.6913 | 0.9650 | 28.77 | |
AC-ι | 327.4 | 3.907 | 1.0 | 0.9808 | 7.412 | |
AC-λ | 1562.5 | 0.252 | 0.1909 | 0.9315 | 46.07 |
Sample | Pseudo 1st Order | Pseudo 2nd Order | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 (χ2) | k1 (min−1) | qe (mg·g−1) | R2 (χ2) | k2 (g·mg−1·min−1) | qe (mg·g−1) | |
AC-κ | 0.9999 (5.7 × 10−3) | 2.677 | 100.1 | 0.9999 (4.3 × 10−3) | 0.1309 | 100.5 |
AC-ι | 0.9999 (7.2 × 10−5) | 5.009 | 100.2 | 0.9999 (1.6 × 10−4) | 1.459 | 100.2 |
AC-λ | 0.9999 (8.6 × 10−4) | 3.424 | 100.1 | 0.9999 (2.6 × 10−3) | 0.2908 | 100.2 |
Adsorbent | qmax (mg/g) | SBET (m2/g) | te | pH | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AC-κ | 422 | 2346 | 5 min | 6 | (this work) |
AC-ι | 330 | 2805 | 5 min | 6 | (this work) |
AC-λ | 459 | 2516 | 5 min | 6 | (this work) |
Powder activated carbon | 109 | 1075 | >2 h | 6.2 | [64] |
ACbamboo/H3PO4 | 613.0 | 2237 | >2 h | 6 | [24] |
ACpeach-stones/H3PO4 | 263.7 | 1521 | >4 h | 6.5 | [22] |
ACwood/H3PO4 | 231.0 | 1237 | 20 h | 5 | [20] |
ACalbizia-seed/Microwave | 131 | 1824 | >2 h | 9 | [65] |
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes | 206 | 382 | >1 h | 4 | [21] |
ACpalm leaflets | 116.3 | 24.4 | 48 h | 6 | [13] |
Magnetic Carbon Nanocomposite | 98.28 | 26.5 | 24 h | 7 | [23] |
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Nogueira, J.; António, M.; Mikhalev, S.M.; Fateixa, S.; Trindade, T.; Daniel-da-Silva, A.L. Porous Carrageenan-Derived Carbons for Efficient Ciprofloxacin Removal from Water. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 1004. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8121004
Nogueira J, António M, Mikhalev SM, Fateixa S, Trindade T, Daniel-da-Silva AL. Porous Carrageenan-Derived Carbons for Efficient Ciprofloxacin Removal from Water. Nanomaterials. 2018; 8(12):1004. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8121004
Chicago/Turabian StyleNogueira, João, Maria António, Sergey M. Mikhalev, Sara Fateixa, Tito Trindade, and Ana L. Daniel-da-Silva. 2018. "Porous Carrageenan-Derived Carbons for Efficient Ciprofloxacin Removal from Water" Nanomaterials 8, no. 12: 1004. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8121004