Nanoparticle Boron Carrier for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: Research Progress and Perspectives in China

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT), as a promising oncological modality, enables the specific therapy of tumor cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. It has emerged as a critical strategy for combating refractory malignancies such as glioma, breast cancer, lung cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The development of efficient boron carriers is fundamental to realizing the clinical potential of BNCT. This review systematically traces the evolutionary trajectory of boron carriers, from first-generation soluble borates and second-generation agents to third-generation actively targeted formulations, with a particular focus on the current state of nanoparticle-based carriers. It provides a detailed analysis of the structural properties, boron-loading advantages, targeting modification strategies, and key research findings associated with various nanoplatforms, including liposomes, polymers, dendrimers, boron carbide nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, by examining specific tumor cell targets such as folate receptors and integrin receptors, the review elucidates the mechanisms by which nanocarriers achieve tumor boron enrichment through both the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and ligand-mediated active targeting. The review also critically assesses current challenges in the field, including targeting efficacy, boron loading capacity, in vivo retention, and biocompatibility. Finally, it summarizes emerging strategies—such as multi-target modification, combination immunotherapy, theranostics, and the induction of tumor cell pyroptosis—and provides a forward-looking perspective on future developments, aiming to inform the rational design of next-generation BNCT boron carriers with high targeting specificity, high boron payload, and low toxicity.