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Nanomaterials
Volume 13
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10.3390/nano13030381
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Article

Graphene-Based Coating to Mitigate Biofilm Development in Marine Environments

by
Francisca Sousa-Cardoso
1,2,
Rita Teixeira-Santos
1,2,
Ana Francisca Campos
1,2,
Marta Lima
1,2,
Luciana C. Gomes
1,2,
Olívia S. G. P. Soares
2,3 and
Filipe J. Mergulhão
1,2,*
1
LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
2
ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
3
LSRE-LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(3), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030381
Submission received: 21 December 2022 / Revised: 14 January 2023 / Accepted: 16 January 2023 / Published: 18 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Enhanced Strategies for Biofouling and Biocorrosion Prevention)
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Abstract

Due to its several economic and ecological consequences, biofouling is a widely recognized concern in the marine sector. The search for non-biocide-release antifouling coatings has been on the rise, with carbon-nanocoated surfaces showing promising activity. This work aimed to study the impact of pristine graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) on biofilm development through the representative marine bacteria Cobetia marina and to investigate the antibacterial mechanisms of action of this material. For this purpose, a flow cytometric analysis was performed and a GNP/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface containing 5 wt% GNP (G5/PDMS) was produced, characterized, and assessed regarding its biofilm mitigation potential over 42 days in controlled hydrodynamic conditions that mimic marine environments. Flow cytometry revealed membrane damage, greater metabolic activity, and endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by C. marina when exposed to GNP 5% (w/v) for 24 h. In addition, C. marina biofilms formed on G5/PDMS showed consistently lower cell count and thickness (up to 43% reductions) than PDMS. Biofilm architecture analysis indicated that mature biofilms developed on the graphene-based surface had fewer empty spaces (34% reduction) and reduced biovolume (25% reduction) compared to PDMS. Overall, the GNP-based surface inhibited C. marina biofilm development, showing promising potential as a marine antifouling coating.
Keywords: marine biofouling; antifouling surfaces; graphene; Cobetia marina; biofilm formation marine biofouling; antifouling surfaces; graphene; Cobetia marina; biofilm formation
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MDPI and ACS Style

Sousa-Cardoso, F.; Teixeira-Santos, R.; Campos, A.F.; Lima, M.; Gomes, L.C.; Soares, O.S.G.P.; Mergulhão, F.J. Graphene-Based Coating to Mitigate Biofilm Development in Marine Environments. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030381

AMA Style

Sousa-Cardoso F, Teixeira-Santos R, Campos AF, Lima M, Gomes LC, Soares OSGP, Mergulhão FJ. Graphene-Based Coating to Mitigate Biofilm Development in Marine Environments. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(3):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030381

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sousa-Cardoso, Francisca, Rita Teixeira-Santos, Ana Francisca Campos, Marta Lima, Luciana C. Gomes, Olívia S. G. P. Soares, and Filipe J. Mergulhão. 2023. "Graphene-Based Coating to Mitigate Biofilm Development in Marine Environments" Nanomaterials 13, no. 3: 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030381

APA Style

Sousa-Cardoso, F., Teixeira-Santos, R., Campos, A. F., Lima, M., Gomes, L. C., Soares, O. S. G. P., & Mergulhão, F. J. (2023). Graphene-Based Coating to Mitigate Biofilm Development in Marine Environments. Nanomaterials, 13(3), 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030381

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