Improved Activity of Herbal Medicines through Nanotechnology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nanotechnology
3. Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery System for Phytochemical Compounds
Bioactive Compound | Nanoparticle Type | Method of Preparation | Nanoparticle Characteristics * | Drug Release/Pharmacokinetic Properties | Experiment/Model/Dose/Route | Improvement Activity | Toxicity | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sinigrin | Phytosomes | Antisolvent precipitation | PS: 153 ± 39 nm | - | Dose: 0.14 mg/mL. In vitro, evaluated on HaCaT cells. | Wound-healing | Sinigrin, phytosome, and phytosome blank (without drug) showed minimal cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells at all concentrations (0.048 mg/mL–0.14 mg/mL). | [49] |
ZP: 10.09 ± 0.98mV | ||||||||
%EE: 69.5 ± 5 | ||||||||
Taxifolin-rich ethyl acetate fraction | Phytosomes | Antisolvent precipitation | PS: (544 nm) | - | In vitro antioxidant activity and ex vivo anticancer investigation by MTT and TB assay using MCF7 cell lines | Antioxidant | - | [50] |
ZP: −28.1 | ||||||||
PDI: 0.141 | ||||||||
%EE: 75.40 ± 0.53% | ||||||||
Silybins | Phytosomes-nanosuspension | Antisolvent precipitation- high-pressure homogenization | PS: 223.50 ± 4.80 nm | Increased dissolution rate in vitro increased plasma concentration in vivo | In vivo: carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic injury model mice | Hepatoprotection | - | [51] |
PDI: 0.217 ± 0.011 | ||||||||
ZP: −23.14 ± 2.73 mV | ||||||||
Apigenin | Phytosomes | Solvent evaporation | PS: 107.08 ± 1.30 nm | 36-fold increase in water solubility and increase in oral bioavailability | Dose: 25 mg/kg | Antioxidant | - | [52] |
PDI: 0.37 ± 0.012 | Carbon tetrachloride-induced liver function of a rat model | |||||||
Quercetin | Phytosomes | Thin film hydration method | PS: 70 ± 7.44 nm | The estrogenic activity of Quercetin-phytosome was investigated in an ovariectomized rat model using 10 and 50 mg/kg/oral doses for 4 weeks | Hormone replacement therapy | - | [53] | |
%EE: 98.4% | IC50 quercetin: 13.9 μg/mL | |||||||
ZP: −44.6 ± | IC50 quercetin-phytosome: 11.4 μg/mL | |||||||
4.1 mv | ||||||||
Gingerol | Phytosome | Antisolvent precipitation | PS: 431.21 ± 0.90 nm | Drug release: sustained release | In vitro microbial study: agar well diffusion and dilution method. In vitro Anti-inflammatory Study: study the HRBC membrane lysis and albumin denaturation | Respiratory infection | - | [54] |
ZP: −17.53 mV | In vitro release: 86.03 ± 0.06% | |||||||
%EE: 84.36% ± 0.42% | ||||||||
Phytosome complexed with chitosan | Antisolvent precipitation | PS: 254.01 ± 0.05 nm | Drug release: sustained release | |||||
ZP: −13.11 mV | In vitro release: 88.93 ± 0.33% | |||||||
%EE: 86.02% ± 0.72% | ||||||||
Moringa oleifera leaf extract | Phytosome | Thin film (solvent evaporation) | PS: 198 ± 21 nm | Cytotoxicity assay: MTT assay | Wound dressing | Does not cause cytotoxicity at concentrations <1.5 mg/mL | [55] | |
ZP: −28.30 ± 1.31 mV | Cell migration assay: NHDF cells | |||||||
Lantana camara extract | Phytosome | Solvent evaporation | %EE: 82.80% | In vitro drug release of 23% drug at 60 min | Dose: 20 mg/mL | Antibacterial and antifungal | [56] | |
Murraya koenigii extract | Phytosome | Antisolvent precipitation | PS: 236 nm | Sustain released: | Streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetes model in male Wistar rats | Antidiabetic | [57] | |
%EE: 75.1% | Release in 6 h: | |||||||
ZP: −16.85 mV | Phytosome: 30% | |||||||
Crude extract: 50% |
Bioactive Compound | Nanoparticle Type | Method of Preparation | Nanoparticle Characteristics * | Drug Release | Experiment/Model/Dose/Route | Application | Toxicity | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jatropha pelargoniifolia extract | Chitosan nanoparticles | Ionic gelation | PS: 185.5 nm, | JP-CSNPs: depend on pH of the medium | Antioxidant: DPPH | Antimicrobial and anticancer | - | [58] |
ZP: 44 mV, | Anticancer: In vitro cytotoxicity studies using A549 | |||||||
%EE: 78.5% | JP extract: showed controlled release | Human lung adenocarcinoma cells | ||||||
Piperin | Nanocapsule | Emulsion-diffusion | PS: 168.2 nm | Drug release: sustained release | In vitro (tested for growth inhibition study in axenic culture for 3 days) | Antitrypanosomal | Piperine-nanocapsule showed a safer index of safety against horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) compared to pure piperine. | [59] |
ZP: −20.3 mV | IC50 PNCs 5,04 uM; IC50 piperin 14,45 uM | |||||||
PDI: 0.265 | ||||||||
Argyreia pierreana ethanolic crude extract (APEECE) | Mixed Micelles | Film dispersion | PS: 163 ± 10 nm | Type 2 diabetes induced rats using a high-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose (35 mg/kg) streptozotocin (STZ) injection | Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic | [60,61] | ||
PDI: 0.271 ± 0.07 | dose APEECE & MDECE: 400 mg/kg | |||||||
Matelea denticulata ethanolic crude extract (MDECE) | PS: 145 ± 8 nm | Dose APEECE-Micelles & MDECE-Micelles: 200 mg/kg | ||||||
PDI: 0.226 ± 0.08 | ||||||||
Curcumin | Chitosan/PEG blended PLGA nanoparticles | Emulsion solvent evaporation | PS: 264 nm | Apoptosis analysis: Annexin V assay by flow cytometer | Pancreatic cancer | [61] | ||
PDI: 0.181 | ||||||||
ZP: 19.1 mV | ||||||||
%EE: 60% |
3.1. Phytosomes Increasing the Activity of Phytochemical Compounds
3.2. Polymeric Nanoparticle to Increase the Activity of Phytochemical Compounds
4. Challenges of Phytochemical Formulations via Nanotechnology
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lipid-Based Nanocarrier | Composition | Structure | Application | Administration |
---|---|---|---|---|
Liposome | Phospholipid and cholesterol | Rigid | Drug (synthetic and naturally derived) and gene therapy | Oral, parenteral, topical, and transdermal |
Phytosome | Phospholipid and polyphenolic phytoconstituents | Rigid | Phyto delivery | Oral, parenteral, topical, and transdermal |
Transfersome | Phospholipid and surfactant | Ultra-deformable | Skin delivery | Topical and transdermal |
Niosome | Nonionic surfactant and cholesterol | Rigid | Drug (synthetic and naturally derived) delivery and cosmetics | Oral, parenteral, topical, and transdermal |
Ethosome | Phospholipid, alcohol, polyglycol, and water | Elasticity | Skin delivery | Topical and transdermal |
SLN | Solid lipid | Ordered | Drug (synthetic and naturally derived), gene therapy, and cosmetics | Oral, parenteral, topical, and transdermal |
NLC | Solid lipid and liquid lipid | Less ordered | Drug (synthetic and naturally derived), gene therapy, and cosmetics | Oral, parenteral, topical, and transdermal |
Method | IC50 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gingerol | GP | GPLC | |
DPPH assay | 57.74 µg/mL | 46.23 µg/mL | 17.70 µg/mL |
H2O2 assay | 53.52 µg/mL | 40.48 µg/mL | 19.46 µg/mL |
Organism | MIC | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gingerol | GP | GPLC | |
Gram positive (S. aureus) | 400 ± 0.23 µg/mL | 200 ± 0.06 µg/mL | 100 ± 0.07 µg/mL |
Gram Negative (E. coli) | 400 ± 0.12 µg/mL | 200 ± 0.79 µg/ml | 100 ± 0.08 µg/mL |
Organism | IC50 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gingerol | GP | GPLC | |
Against HRBC membrane lysis | 74.68 µg/mL | 70.86 µg/mL | 59.84 µg/mL |
Denaturation of protein | 67.03 µg/mL | 64.54 µg/mL | 61.88 µg/mL |
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Dewi, M.K.; Chaerunisaa, A.Y.; Muhaimin, M.; Joni, I.M. Improved Activity of Herbal Medicines through Nanotechnology. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 4073. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12224073
Dewi MK, Chaerunisaa AY, Muhaimin M, Joni IM. Improved Activity of Herbal Medicines through Nanotechnology. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(22):4073. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12224073
Chicago/Turabian StyleDewi, Mayang Kusuma, Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa, Muhaimin Muhaimin, and I Made Joni. 2022. "Improved Activity of Herbal Medicines through Nanotechnology" Nanomaterials 12, no. 22: 4073. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12224073