Recent Advancements in Two-Dimensional Layered Molybdenum and Tungsten Carbide-Based Materials for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Basic Principles of Electrocatalytic HER
2.1. Parameters Governing the Electrocatalytic HER Process
2.1.1. Overpotential η
2.1.2. Faradic Efficiency
2.1.3. Tafel Plot
2.1.4. Turnover Frequency
2.1.5. Gibbs Free Energy (ΔGH)
2.1.6. Electrochemical Active Surface Area
2.2. Necessity of Noble-Metal Free Catalysts for HER
2.3. Synthesis of TMCs
2.3.1. Exfoliation Processes
2.3.2. CVD
2.3.3. Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Process
3. HER Activity of 2D TMCs
3.1. Molybdenum Carbide (Mo2C) and Its Composite
3.1.1. Molybdenum Carbide (Mo2C)
3.1.2. Mo2C and Carbon Composites
3.1.3. Heterometal Atom Doped Mo2C
3.2. Tungsten Carbide (WC/W2C)
3.2.1. Various Nanostructures of Tungsten Carbide Catalyst
3.2.2. Tungsten Carbide and Its Composites
4. Summary and Future Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst | Synthesis | Morphology | ηj(mV) | j(mA cm−2) | Tafel Slope (mV dec−1) | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N-Mo2C NSs | CVD | nanosheets | 99 | 10 | 48.3 | [44] |
Mo2C-RGO | Hydrothermal carbonization | nanoparticles | 70 | 10 | 57.3 | [45] |
β-Mo2C | Hydrothermal/calcination | nanospheres | 240 | 10 | 120 | [46] |
Mo2C/CC | Hydrothermal/calcination | Nano-island | 140 | 10 | 124 | [47] |
Mo2C | Chemical activation process | nanoparticle | 240 | 20 | 56 | [48] |
β-Mo2C/C | hydrothermal | Irregular ill-defined particles | 330 | 20 | 72 | [49] |
Mo2C/CNT | In situ-carburization | nanoparticle | 64 | 1 | 63 | [50] |
β-Mo2C | Hydrothermal/calcination | nanoparticle | 165 | 10 | 55 | [51] |
MoC-Mo2C | Controlled carbonization | nanoparticle | 33 | 10 | 42 | [52] |
MoxC | One-pot pyrolysis | nanobelts | 50 | 10 | 49.6 | [53] |
3DHP-Mo2C | Scalable salt-template process | Highly interconnected 3D porous network | 75 | 1 | 75 | [55] |
Mo2C/NCF | High temperature calcination | nanoflowers | 144 | 10 | 65 | [57] |
Mo2C/C | pyrolysis | nanosheets | 180 | 10 | 72 | [59] |
Mo2C-G | In situ-carburization | nanoparticle | 150 | 10 | 57 | [61] |
Mo2C/CLCN | Hydrothermal/calcination | nanorods | 155 | 10 | 48.2 | [66] |
Mo2C/NC | Polymerization/carbonization | sprout | 140 | 10 | 114.4 | [67] |
1D Mo2C | In situ-carburization | nanosheets | 36 | 10 | 47 | [69] |
Catalyst | Synthesis | Morphology | ηj(mV) | j(mA cm−2) | Tafel Slope (mV dec−1) | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W2C/MWCNT | carburization | nanoparticles | 123 | 10 | 485 | [83] |
W2C-thinfilm | CVD | nanograins | 263 | 10 | 42.2 | [84] |
W2C | Plasma assisted carburization | nanowires | 118 | 10 | 55 | [85] |
WC | Plasma assisted deposition | nanowall | 160 | 10 | 67 | [86] |
WC | Cage confinement pyrolysis | nanoparticle | 51 | 10 | 49 | [87] |
W2C | High temperature calcination | nanoparticles | 368 | 20 | 50 | [88] |
Pt/WC | High temperature calcination | Spherical particles | 22 | 10 | 28.8 | [89] |
WCx/C | Combustion reaction | nanoparticle | 264 | 10 | 85 | [90] |
2D WC-G | Liquid metal solvent-based co-segregation strategy | Single crystals | 120 | 10 | 38 | [91] |
N-doped WC | In-situ polymerization/carburization | nanospheres | 290 | 10 | 110 | [92] |
WC/CNT | CVD | nanoflakes | 435 | 10 | 103 | [93] |
W2C | carburization | nanoparticles | 50 | 10 | 45 | [83] |
W2C | HF-CVD | nanocrystal | 117.6 | 10 | 72 | [94] |
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Karuppasamy, K.; Nichelson, A.; Vikraman, D.; Choi, J.-H.; Hussain, S.; Ambika, C.; Bose, R.; Alfantazi, A.; Kim, H.-S. Recent Advancements in Two-Dimensional Layered Molybdenum and Tungsten Carbide-Based Materials for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 3884. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213884
Karuppasamy K, Nichelson A, Vikraman D, Choi J-H, Hussain S, Ambika C, Bose R, Alfantazi A, Kim H-S. Recent Advancements in Two-Dimensional Layered Molybdenum and Tungsten Carbide-Based Materials for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(21):3884. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213884
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaruppasamy, K., A. Nichelson, Dhanasekaran Vikraman, Jun-Hyeok Choi, Sajjad Hussain, C. Ambika, Ranjith Bose, Akram Alfantazi, and Hyun-Seok Kim. 2022. "Recent Advancements in Two-Dimensional Layered Molybdenum and Tungsten Carbide-Based Materials for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reactions" Nanomaterials 12, no. 21: 3884. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213884