Dynamic and Active THz Graphene Metamaterial Devices
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Graphene
2.1. Linear Optical Property
2.2. Nonlinear Optical Property
2.2.1. Nonlinear Absorption
2.2.2. High Harmonic Generation
2.2.3. Difference Frequency Generation
3. Applications of Graphene Metamaterial
3.1. THz Amplitude Modulation
3.2. THz Phase Modulation
3.3. Terahertz Photodetectors
3.4. THz Generation
4. Conclusions and Future Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|
Lee et al. | 0.1–0.6 THz | 100 kHz | 47% | 2012 [58] |
Valmorra et al. | 0.8–1.75 THz | - | 11.5% | 2013 [59] |
Degl’Innocenti et al. | 2.2–3.1 THz | - | 18% | 2014 [60] |
Gao et al. | 0.38–0.5 THz | - | 50% | 2014 [61] |
Liu et al. | 3.5–5.5 THz | 40 MHz | 60% | 2015 [62] |
Wu et al. | 0.1–2.5 THz | - | 93% | 2015 [63] |
Jung et al. | 0.4–0.8 THz | - | 49.3% | 2018 [64] |
Fan et al. | 1.5 THz | - | 92% | 2018 [65] |
Zeng et al. | 34.09–36.59 THz | 1 GHz | 90% | 2018 [66] |
Han et al. | 42.86 THz | - | 80% | 2020 [67] |
Tasolamprou et al. | 2.0–2.6 THz | 2.79 ps | 40% | 2019 [51] |
Choi et al. | 0.75–1.05 THz | 1.83 ps | 80% | 2021 [68] |
Yang et al. | 1.66–1.74 THz | - | 70% | 2022 [69] |
Yao et al. | 1.6–1.75 THz | - | 77% | 2021 [70] |
Work | Frequency | Mod. Loss | Phase Mod. | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lee et al. | 0.5–0.75 THz | - | 32.2° | 2012 [58] |
Gao et al. | 0.1–0.8 THz | 18 dB | 57° | 2014 [61] |
Balci et al. | 11.82 GHz | 60 dB | 90° | 2018 [72] |
Dabidian et al. | 39 THz | 10 dB | 55° | 2016 [73] |
Sherrott et al. | 33.3–37.5 THz | - | 237° | 2017 [74] |
Park et al. | 50.42 THz | 37 dB | 180° | 2017 [75] |
Liu et al. | 0.75 THz | 41.62 dB | 91.8° | 2018 [76] |
Kakenov et al. | 1.2 THz | 50 dB | 180° | 2018 [77] |
Zhang et al. | 4.15–4.65 THz | 15.5 dB | 184.5° | 2018 [78] |
Chen et al. | 0.5–1.6 THz | 12 dB | 140° | 2018 [79] |
Chen et al. | 0.7–1.9 THz | 8 dB | 360° | 2019 [80] |
Yang et al. | 0.2–1.0 THz | - | 346° | 2021 [69] |
Sun et al. | 5.7–6.1 um | - | 330° | 2021 [81] |
Detector Type | Frequency | NEP | Response Time | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Graphene | 1.8–4.2 THz | <30 ns | 2019 [104] | |
Graphene | 0.13 THz | - | 2021 [105] | |
Graphene | 3.4 THz | ≈10−1 ns | 2021 [106] | |
Graphene | 2.8 THz | 5 ns | 2021 [121] | |
Graphene | 0.12 THz | - | 2018 [122] | |
Graphene | 0.1–0.4 THz | - | 2017 [123] | |
Graphene | 2 THz | - | 2015 [124] | |
Graphene | 0.33 THz | - | 2017 [125] | |
BP | 3.4 THz | - | 2019 [126] | |
BP | 0.29 THz | 800 ns | 2020 [127] | |
PtTe2 | 0.12 THz | ≈1.7 × 104 ns | 2019 [128] | |
PtTe2 | 0.3 THz | ≈103 ns | 2020 [129] | |
Bi2Se3 | 0.3 THz | <6 × 104 ns | 2018 [130] |
Work | Structure | Mechanism | Efficiency | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hafez et al. | SiO2 substrate | HHG | 10−3 | 2018 [25] |
Theodosi et al. | metasurface | THG | 10−2 | 2022 [133] |
Kovalev et al. | gate-tunable graphene | HHG | ~10−2 | 2021 [26] |
Sun et al. | waveguide | FWM | 6.7% | 2014 [134] |
Constant et al. | SiO2 substrate | DFG | 6 × 10−6 | 2016 [135] |
Chen et al. | graphene/AlGaAs waveguide | DFG | 4 × 10−6 | 2018 [136] |
Yao et al. | gate-tunable graphene waveguide | DFG | ~0.6 × 10−4 | 2018 [137] |
Andersen et al. | gate-tunable graphene | current-driven | - | 2019 [138] |
Li et al. | gate-tunable graphene nanoribbons | current-driven | ~2 × 10−8 | 2019 [139] |
Justin et al. | gate-tunable graphene | current-driven | - | 2021 [140] |
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Wang, L.; An, N.; He, X.; Zhang, X.; Zhu, A.; Yao, B.; Zhang, Y. Dynamic and Active THz Graphene Metamaterial Devices. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122097
Wang L, An N, He X, Zhang X, Zhu A, Yao B, Zhang Y. Dynamic and Active THz Graphene Metamaterial Devices. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(12):2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122097
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Lan, Ning An, Xusheng He, Xinfeng Zhang, Ao Zhu, Baicheng Yao, and Yaxin Zhang. 2022. "Dynamic and Active THz Graphene Metamaterial Devices" Nanomaterials 12, no. 12: 2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12122097