Identifying the Association between Surface Heterogeneity and Electrochemical Properties in Graphite
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Graphite Samples
2.2. Materials Characterization
2.3. Electrochemical Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Heterogeneity Classification of Graphite Surface
3.2. Correlation between the Fraction of Non-Basal Plane and Fast-charging Capability
3.3. Correlation of Pore/Non-Basal Sites to the Cyclability Caused by the Thick SEI Formation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Choi, J.W.; Aurbach, D. Promise and Reality of Post-Lithium-Ion Batteries with High Energy Densities. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016, 1, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schweidler, S.; de Biasi, L.; Schiele, A.; Hartmann, P.; Brezesinski, T.; Janek, J. Volume Changes of Graphite Anodes Revisited: A Combined Operando X-Ray Diffraction and In Situ Pressure Analysis Study. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 8829–8835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.; Lim, K.; Yoon, G.; Park, J.-H.; Ku, K.; Lim, H.-D.; Sung, Y.-E.; Kang, K. Exploiting Lithium-Ether Co-Intercalation in Graphite for High-Power Lithium-Ion Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1700418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, Y.; Nam, S.; Wi, S.; Kang, J.; Hwang, T.; Lee, S.; Park, H.H.; Cabana, J.; Kim, C.; Park, B. Effective Wrapping of Graphene on Individual Li4Ti5O12 Grains for High-Rate Li-Ion Batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 2023–2027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nam, S.; Yang, S.J.; Lee, S.; Kim, J.; Kang, J.; Oh, J.Y.; Park, C.R.; Moon, T.; Lee, K.T.; Park, B. Wrapping SnO2 with Porosity-Tuned Graphene as a Strategy for High-Rate Performance in Lithium Battery Anodes. Carbon 2015, 85, 289–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yamamoto, T.; Phuc, N.H.H.; Muto, H.; Matsuda, A. Preparation of Li7P2S8I Solid Electrolyte and Its Application in All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries with Graphite Anode. Electron. Mater. Lett. 2019, 15, 409–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, J.; Kim, J.; Lee, S.; Wi, S.; Kim, C.; Hyun, S.; Nam, S.; Park, Y.; Park, B. Breathable Carbon-Free Electrode: Black TiO2 with Hierarchically Ordered Porous Structure for Stable Li-O2 Battery. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1700814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.; Lee, K.E.; Kim, K.H.; Wi, S.; Lee, S.; Nam, S.; Kim, C.; Kim, S.O.; Park, B. Single-Layer Graphene-Wrapped Li4Ti5O12 Anode with Superior Lithium Storage Capability. Carbon 2017, 114, 275–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.; Park, B.; Sohn, H.-J.; Kang, T. Electrochemical Characteristics of Mg-Ni Alloys as Anode Materials for Secondary Li Batteries. J. Power Sources 2000, 90, 59–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nam, S.; Kim, S.; Wi, S.; Choi, H.; Byun, S.; Choi, S.-M.; Yoo, S.-I.; Lee, K.T.; Park, B. The Role of Carbon Incorporation in SnO2 Nanoparticles for Li Rechargeable Batteries. J. Power Sources 2012, 211, 154–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woo, H.; Kang, J.; Kim, J.; Kim, C.; Nam, S.; Park, B. Development of Carbon-Based Cathodes for Li-Air Batteries: Present and Future. Electron. Mater. Lett. 2016, 12, 551–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmuch, R.; Wagner, R.; Horpel, G.; Placke, T.; Winter, M. Performance and Cost of Materials for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Automotive Batteries. Nat. Energy 2018, 3, 267–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gallego, N.C.; Contescu, C.I.; Meyer, H.M., III; Howe, J.Y.; Meisner, R.A.; Payzant, E.A.; Lance, M.J.; Yoon, S.Y.; Denlinger, M.; Wood, D.L., III. Advanced Surface and Microstructural Characterization of Natural Graphite Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries. Carbon 2014, 72, 393–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoshio, M.; Wang, H.; Fukuda, K. Spherical Carbon-Coated Natural Graphite as a Lithium-Ion Battery-Anode Material. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4203–4206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Persson, K.; Sethuraman, V.A.; Hardwick, L.J.; Hinuma, Y.; Meng, Y.S.; Ven, A.; Srinivasan, V.; Kostecki, R.; Ceder, G. Lithium Diffusion in Graphitic Carbon. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 1176–1180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mukhopadhyay, A.; Guo, F.; Tokranov, A.; Xiao, X.; Hurt, R.H.; Sheldon, B.W. Engineering of Graphene Layer Orientation to Attain High Rate Capability and Anisotropic Properties in Li-Ion Battery Electrodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 2397–2404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Billaud, J.; Bouville, F.; Magrini, T.; Villevieille, C.; Studart, A.R. Magnetically Aligned Graphite Electrodes for High-Rate Performance Li-Ion Batteries. Nat. Energy 2016, 1, 16097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yao, F.; Güneş, F.; Ta, H.Q.; Lee, S.M.; Chae, S.J.; Sheem, K.Y.; Cojocaru, C.S.; Xie, S.S.; Lee, Y.H. Diffusion Mechanism of Lithium Ion through Basal Plane of Layered Graphene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 8646–8654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- An, S.J.; Li, J.; Daniel, C.; Mohanty, D.; Nagpure, S.; Wood, D.L., III. The State of Understanding of the Lithium-Ion-Battery Graphite Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) and Its Relationship to Formation Cycling. Carbon 2016, 105, 52–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gauthier, M.; Carney, T.J.; Grimaud, A.; Giordano, L.; Pour, N.; Chang, H.-H.; Fenning, D.P.; Lux, S.F.; Paschos, O.; Bauer, C.; et al. Electrode−Electrolyte Interface in Li-Ion Batteries: Current Understanding and New Insights. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6, 4653–4672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heiskanen, S.K.; Kim, J.; Lucht, B.L. Generation and Evolution of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase of Lithium-Ion Batteries. Joule 2019, 3, 2322–2333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.; Park, K.; Woo, H.; Gil, B.; Park, Y.-S.; Kim, I.S.; Park, B. Selective Removal of Nanopores by Triphenylphosphine Treatment on the Natural Graphite Anode. Electrochim. Acta 2019, 326, 134993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taleghani, S.T.; Marcos, B.; Zaghib, K.; Lantagneb, G.A. Study on the Effect of Porosity and Particles Size Distribution on Li-Ion Battery Performance. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164, E3179–E3189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kirner, J.; Zhang, L.; Qin, Y.; Su, X.; Li, Y.; Lu, W. Analysis of Graphite Materials for Fast-Charging Capabilities in Lithium-Ion Batteries. ECS Trans. 2018, 85, 33–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaskhedikar, N.A.; Maier, J. Lithium Storage in Carbon Nanostructures. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2664–2680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, C.; Wood, M.; David, L.; An, S.J.; Sheng, Y.; Du, Z.; Meyer, H.M., III; Ruther, R.E.; Wood, D.L., III. Selecting the Best Graphite for Long-Life, High-Energy Li-Ion Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, A1837–A1845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brunauer, S.; Emmett, P.H.; Teller, E. Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60, 309–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Do, D.D.; and Do, D.H. Effects of Surface Heterogeneity on the Adsorption of Nitrogen on Graphitized Thermal Carbon Black. Mol. Simulat. 2005, 31, 651–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohba, T.; Kanoh, H. Intensive Edge Effects of Nanographenes in Molecular Adsorptions. J. Phys. Lett. 2012, 3, 511–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kumar, K.V.; Gadipelli, S.; Wood, B.; Ramisetty, K.A.; Stewart, A.A.; Howard, C.A.; Brett, D.J.L.; Rodriguez-Reinoso, F. Characterization of the Adsorption Site Energies and Heterogeneous Surfaces of Porous Materials. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 10079–100818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Olivier, J.P.; Winter, M. Determination of the Absolute and Relative Extents of Basal Plane Surface Area and “Non-Basal Plane Surface” Area of Graphites and their Impact on Anode Performance in Lithium Ion Batteries. J. Power Sources 2001, 97–98, 151–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Placke, T.; Siozios, V.; Schmitz, R.; Lux, S.F.; Bieker, P.; Colle, C.; Meyer, H.-W.; Passerini, S.; Winter, M. Influence of Graphite Surface Modifications on the Ratio of Basal Plane to “Non-Basal Plane” Surface Area and on the Anode Performance in Lithium Ion Batteries. J. Power Sources 2012, 200, 83–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Placke, T.; Siozios, V.; Rothermel, S.; Meister, P.; Colle, C.; Winter, M. Assessment of Surface Heterogeneity: A Route to Correlate and Quantify the 1st Cycle Irreversible Capacity Caused by SEI Formation to the Various Surfaces of Graphite Anodes for Lithium Ion Cells. J. Phys. Chem. 2015, 229, 1451–1469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foss, C.E.L.; Svensson, A.M.; Sunde, S.; Vullum-Bruer, F. Edge/Basal/Defect Ratios in Graphite and Their Influence on the Thermal Stability of Lithium Ion Batteries. J. Power Sources 2016, 317, 177–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Olivier, J.P. Surfaces of Nanoparticles and Porous Materials; Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, USA, 1999; pp. 295–318. [Google Scholar]
- Prasetyo, L.; Tan, S.; Zeng, Y.; Do, D.D.; Nicholson, D. An Improved Model for N2 Adsorption on Graphitic Adsorbents and Graphitized Thermal Carbon Black—The Importance of the Anisotropy of Graphene. J. Chem. Phys. 2017, 146, 184702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kwak, G.; Park, J.; Lee, J.; Kim, S.; Jung, I. Effects of Anode Active Materials to the Storage-Capacity Fading on Commercial Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. Power Sources 2007, 174, 484–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ishii, T.; Kaburagi, Y.; Yoshida, A.; Hishiyama, Y.; Oka, H.; Setoyama, N.; Ozaki, J.-I.; Kyotani, T. Analyses of Trace Amounts of Edge Sites in Natural Graphite, Synthetic Graphite and High-Temperature Treated Coke for the Understanding of Their Carbon Molecular Structures. Carbon 2017, 125, 146–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.J.; Lee, E.-K.; Kim, H.; Cho, J.; Cho, Y.W.; Park, B.; Oh, S.M.; Yoon, J.K. Changes in the Lattice Constants of Thin-Film LiCoO2 Cathodes at the 4.2 V Charged State. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2004, 151, A1063–A1067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krishna, R.; Wade, J.; Jones, A.N.; Lasithiotakis, M.; Mummery, P.M.; Marsden, B.J. An Understanding of Lattice strain, Defects and Disorder in Nuclear Graphite. Carbon 2017, 124, 314–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Park, B.; Stephenson, G.B.; Allen, S.M.; Ludwig, K., Jr. F. Development of Fluctuations into Domains during Ordering in Fe3Al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1992, 68, 1742–1745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kraft, L.; Habedank, J.B.; Frank, A.; Rheinfeld, A.; Jossen, A. Modeling and Simulation of Pore Morphology Modifications using Laser-Structured Graphite Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2020, 167, 013506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nemani, V.P.; Harris, S.J.; Smith, K.C. Design of Bi-Tortuous, Anisotropic Graphite Anodes for Fast Ion-Transport in Li-Ion Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, A1415–A1423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dang, D.; Wang, Y.; Gao, S.; Cheng, Y.-T. Freeze-Dried Low-Tortuous Graphite Electrodes with Enhanced Capacity Utilization and Rate Capability. Carbon 2020, 133–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ogihara, N.; Itou, Y.; Kawauchi, S. Ion Transport in Porous Electrodes Obtained by Impedance Using a Symmetric Cell with Predictable Low-Temperature Battery Performance. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 5013–5018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kisu, K.; Aoyagi, S.; Nagatomo, H.; Iwama, E.; Reid, M.T.H.; Naoi, W.; Naoi, K. Internal Resistance Mapping Preparation to Optimize Electrode Thickness and Density using Symmetric Cell for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries and Capacitors. J. Power Sources 2018, 396, 207–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ogihara, N.; Itou, Y.; Sasaki, T.; Takeuchi, Y. Impedance Spectroscopy Characterization of Porous Electrodes under Different Electrode Thickness Using a Symmetric Cell for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119, 4612–4619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jang, J.H.; Oh, S.M. Complex Capacitance Analysis of Porous Carbon Electrodes for Electric Double-Layer Capacitors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2004, 151, A571–A577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jang, J.H.; Yoon, S.; Ka, B.H.; Jung, Y.-H.; Oh, S.M. Complex Capacitance Analysis on Leakage Current Appearing in Electric Double-layer Capacitor Carbon Electrode. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, A1418–A1422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taberna, P.L.; Simon, P.; Fauvarque, J.F. Electrochemical Characteristics and Impedance Spectroscopy Studies of Carbon-Carbon Supercapacitors. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003, 150, A292–A300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peled, E.; Menkin, S. Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164, A1703–A1719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinson, M.B.; Bazant, M.Z. Theory of SEI Formation in Rechargeable Batteries: Capacity Fade, Accelerated Aging and Lifetime Prediction. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2013, 160, A243–A250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, Y.; Nam, S.; Wi, S.; Hong, S.; Park, B. Review Paper: Nanoscale Interface Control for High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries. Electron. Mater. Lett. 2012, 8, 91–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, A.; Kadam, S.; Li, H.; Shi, S.; Qi, Y. Review on Modeling of the Anode Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Npj Comput. Mater. 2018, 4, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Seidl, L.; Martens, S.; Ma, J.; Stimminga, U.; Schneider, O. In Situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies of the SEI Formation on Graphite Electrodes for Li+-Ion Batteries. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 14004–14014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Xie, K.; Pan, Y.; Wang, H.; Chen, Y.; Li, Y.; Zheng, C. Impacts of the Properties of Anode Solid Electrolyte Interface on the Storage Life of Li-Ion Batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 9411–9416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bernardo, P.; Le Meins, J.-M.; Vidal, L.; Dentzer, J.; Gadiou, R.; Markle, W.; Novak, P.; Spahr, M.E.; Vix-Guterl, C. Influence of Graphite Edge Crystallographic Orientation on the First Lithium Intercalation in Li-Ion Battery. Carbon 2015, 458–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsubouchi, S.; Domi, Y.; Doi, T.; Ochida, M.; Nakagawa, H.; Yamanaka, T.; Abe, T.; Ogumi, Z. Spectroscopic Characterization of Surface Films Formed on Edge Plane Graphite in Ethylene Carbonate-Based Electrolytes Containing Film-Forming Additives. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 159, A1786–A1790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nie, M.; Chalasani, D.; Abraham, D.P.; Chen, Y.; Bose, A.; Lucht, B.L. Lithium Ion Battery Graphite Solid Electrolyte Interphase Revealed by Microscopy and Spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 1257–1267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qu, D.; Wang, G.; Kafle, J.; Harris, J.; Crain, L.; Jin, Z.; Zheng, D. Electrochemical Impedance and its Applications in Energy-Storage Systems. Small Methods 2018, 2, 1700342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, B.; Kim, C.; Kim, T.G.; Ahn, D.; Park, B. The Effect of AlPO4-Coating layer on the Electrochemical Properties in LiCoO2 Thin Films. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153, A1773–A1777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jurng, S.; Heiskanen, S.K.; Chandrasiri, K.W.D.K.; Abeywardana, M.Y.; Lucht, B.L. Minimized Metal Dissolution from High-Energy Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide Cathodes with Al2O3 Coating and Its Effects on Electrolyte Decomposition on Graphite Anodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019, 166, A2721–A2726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Oh, Y.; Ahn, D.; Nam, S.; Park, B. The Effect of Al2O3-Coating Coverage on the Electrochemical Properties in LiCoO2 Thin Films. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2010, 14, 1235–1240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kim, J.; Yun, A.J.; Sheem, K.Y.; Park, B. Identifying the Association between Surface Heterogeneity and Electrochemical Properties in Graphite. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1813. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11071813
Kim J, Yun AJ, Sheem KY, Park B. Identifying the Association between Surface Heterogeneity and Electrochemical Properties in Graphite. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(7):1813. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11071813
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Jaewon, Alan Jiwan Yun, Kyeu Yoon Sheem, and Byungwoo Park. 2021. "Identifying the Association between Surface Heterogeneity and Electrochemical Properties in Graphite" Nanomaterials 11, no. 7: 1813. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11071813