Thin Film and Nanostructured Pd-Based Materials for Optical H2 Sensors: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
3. Pd-Based Thin Films for Optical H2 Sensors
4. Nanoparticle-Based Materials for Optical H2 Sensors
4.1. Materials Based on Aggregated Nanoparticles
4.2. Materials Based on Isolated Nanoparticles
5. Complex Nanostructured (CN) Materials for Optical H2 Sensors
6. Discussion
6.1. Addressing Limitations of Pd-Based of Optical H2 Sensing Materials
6.2. Manufacturing of Materials for Optical H2 Sensors
7. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material Type | Sensing Material | Sensor Operating Concentration Range (ppm) | Limit of Detection (ppm) | Response Time (s) Parentheses Show the Concentration (in ppm) and Temperature | Recovery Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thin film | Pd-capped Y thin films [63] | 5–103 | 5 | 10 (3 × 103) 25 (104) | 250 |
Pd-capped Mg thin films [64] | 2 × 103–4 × 104 | na | 500 (4 × 104) | na | |
Pd-capped Ta thin films [59,67] Room temperature operation of the above sensor | 10−2–105 | na 2 (room temperature) | 7 (3 × 103; 120 °C) <1 (room temperature) | 20 ~1 (room temperature) | |
Pd-capped Hf thin flms [68] PdAu thin films [37,44] | 10−2–105 ~10−2–105 | na (10−2) na (10−2) | 4 (120 °C) a few seconds (28 °C) | 30 (120 °C) a few tens of seconds | |
ANP-based | PdAu nanoparticulate material [41] | 103–106 | na (103) | <10 | <20 |
Anisotropic nanostructured Pd thin films [78] | 1–105 | 10 | 0.6 (4 × 104) | na | |
INP-based | PdAu nanodiscs on glass [45] | 103–106 | na (103) | <1 (4 × 104) | na |
PdNPs/fused silica [51] | 104 and 5 × 104 (pulses) | na | 2 (5 × 104) | 5 | |
PdAuCu nanoparticles [79] | 103–106 | 5 | 0.4 (4 × 104; 30 °C) | 5 | |
PdNPs/SnO2 waveguide [96] | 8 × 103 to ~32 × 104 | na (5 × 103) | 3 (3 × 104) | 2 | |
Au@Pd NPs/quartz [97] | 103–4 × 104 | na (103) | 4 (4 × 104) | 30 | |
PdAuNPs@PTFE@PMMA [33] | 102–106 | 103 | 0.3 (4 × 104; 30 °C) | 4 | |
CN | PdAu nanohelices [90] | 104–2.5 × 104 | na | <20 (103) | <80 |
Morpho Butterfly@Pd nanostrips [91] | 10–4 × 104 | <10 | 50 (102) ~20 (104) | na | |
PdAuNPs/optical fiber [98] | 8 × 103–6 × 104 | na (<104) | 2 (4 × 104) | 20 | |
PdNPs-PMMA/optical fiber [99] | 2 × 103–× 104 | 35.8 | 5 (104) | na |
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Sousanis, A.; Biskos, G. Thin Film and Nanostructured Pd-Based Materials for Optical H2 Sensors: A Review. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 3100. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113100
Sousanis A, Biskos G. Thin Film and Nanostructured Pd-Based Materials for Optical H2 Sensors: A Review. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(11):3100. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113100
Chicago/Turabian StyleSousanis, Andreas, and George Biskos. 2021. "Thin Film and Nanostructured Pd-Based Materials for Optical H2 Sensors: A Review" Nanomaterials 11, no. 11: 3100. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113100