Harnessing Inorganic Nanoparticles to Direct Macrophage Polarization for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Immune Response to Implanted Materials: The Driving Role of Macrophages
2.1. Macrophages Orchestrate Innate Immunity
2.2. Macrophage Role in Adaptive Immunity
3. Immunomodulation by Implanted Scaffolds
3.1. Native Scaffolds: Decellularized ECM
3.2. Synthetic Scaffolds
4. Nanoparticles to Direct Macrophage Polarization
4.1. Harnessing Gold Nanoparticles to Trigger Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
4.2. Titanium Oxide NPs: From Osteogenesis to Muscle Regeneration?
4.3. Cerium Oxide NPs: Not Just Antioxidants
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NPs | Shape | Size (nm) | Surface Modification | Initial Phenotype | Polarized Phenotype | Model | Used Markers | Clinical Aim | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Au | rods | ND | PEGylation + RGD | M∅ | M2 | Mouse | Arg-1, IL-4, TNF-α, Retnla | Acute hepatitis | [47] |
spheres | 13 | hexapeptides | M2 | M2 | Mouse BMDMs | IL-12, IL-6, IL-10, iNOS, Arg-1, YM1 | Acute lung injury | [48] | |
M1 | M2 | ||||||||
M2 | ALI Mouse model | CD80, CD206 | |||||||
spheres | 30 | PEGylation + IL-4 | M∅ | M2 | Human THP-1 cell line | CD206, CD163, IL-4 | Muscle recovery | [49] | |
30 | PEGylation + IL-4 | M∅ | M2 | Mouse | CD206, CD80 | ||||
100 | None | M∅ | M1 | Human THP-1 cell line | CD206, CD163, IL-4 | ||||
TiO2 | tubes | 110 | None | M∅ | M1 | Mouse RAW 264.7 cell line | CCR7, IL-6, IL-10, VEGF, BMP2, TGF-β1 | Osteogenesis | [50] |
M∅ | M2 | Mouse RAW 264.7 cell line + MSCs | |||||||
disks | 10 * | Ca2+, Sr2+ | M∅ | M2 | Mouse RAW 264.7 cell line | Arg-1, CD163, CD86, iNOS | Osteogenesis | [51] | |
tubes | 65 92 142 | None | M∅ | M2 | Human THP-1 cell line | Arg-1, CD206, IL-10, VEGF | Heart valve replacement | [52] | |
CeO2 | thin layer | ND | None | M∅ | M2 | Mouse RAW 264.7 cell line | CD163, CD206, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, TGF-β1 | Osteogenesis | [53] |
thin layer | ND | None | M∅ | M2 | Mouse RAW 264.7 cell line + BMSCs | CCR7, CD206, TNF-α, IL-10 | Osteogenesis | [54] | |
ND | None | Rat |
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Corsi, F.; Carotenuto, F.; Di Nardo, P.; Teodori, L. Harnessing Inorganic Nanoparticles to Direct Macrophage Polarization for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1963. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10101963
Corsi F, Carotenuto F, Di Nardo P, Teodori L. Harnessing Inorganic Nanoparticles to Direct Macrophage Polarization for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(10):1963. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10101963
Chicago/Turabian StyleCorsi, Francesca, Felicia Carotenuto, Paolo Di Nardo, and Laura Teodori. 2020. "Harnessing Inorganic Nanoparticles to Direct Macrophage Polarization for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration" Nanomaterials 10, no. 10: 1963. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10101963