Hadron Therapy, Magnetic Nanoparticles and Hyperthermia: A Promising Combined Tool for Pancreatic Cancer Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles
2.2. Cell Culture
2.3. Cell Toxicity
2.4. Cellular Uptake of MNPs
2.5. Irradiation
2.6. Clonogenic Assay
2.7. Double Strand Breaks Studies
2.8. Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia Setup
2.9. Magnetic Hyperthermia Treatment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Synthesis and Characterization of MNPs
3.2. Experimental Treatment Protocol
- (i)
- By using a clonogenic assay after two weeks. The clonogenic cell survival assay, i.e., the ability of a cell to produce a viable colony containing at least 50 cells, is considered as a gold standard method for studying cellular sensitivity to irradiation [62];
- (ii)
- By estimating the number of non-repairable double strand breaks (DSBs) per cell after 6 and 24 h, through detection and counting of persistent repair foci, which are DSBs markers. This study was limited to carbon ions irradiation.
3.3. Clonogenic Survival Studies
3.3.1. Carbon Ion Irradiation Experiments
- (i)
- At 0 Gy dose, i.e., unirradiated samples, clonogenic survival (CS) decreased from 1 to 0.4 ± 0.04 when MNPs were added, due to a MNP toxicity at 15 days. A further decrease of CS to 0.24 ± 0.02 was observed when also Hyp was applied (mode 3);
- (ii)
- If carbon ions irradiation alone was applied, the CS decreased on increasing the dose, according to the law: CS ∝ exp(–αD) where D is the dose;
- (iii)
- At all doses, once MNPs were added and irradiation was performed (mode 2), a decrease of CS with respect to irradiation only (mode 1) was observed;
- (iv)
- At all doses, once Hyp was further added (mode 3), the CS dropped further.
3.3.2. Photon Irradiation Experiments
- (i)
- As in the HT case, at 0 Gy dose, i.e., unirradiated samples, clonogenic survival (CS) decreased from 1 to 0.5 ± 0.05 when MNPs were added, and a further decrease of CS to 0.2 ± 0.02 was observed when also Hyp was applied (mode 3);
- (ii)
- If only photon irradiation was applied, the CS decreased once the dose was increased according to the linear quadratic model: CS ∝ exp(–αD–βD2);
- (iii)
- At all doses, CS decreased once MNPs were added with respect to irradiation with photons only, confirming the results found for HT;
- (iv)
- When MNPs were added, the CS vs. D model changed to CS ∝ exp(–αD), which corresponded to a modification of the cells response to photon irradiation; thus the typical shoulder of the dose–survival curves, found after treatment with radiation alone, was removed;
- (v)
- As in HT, once Hyp was further added, the CS dropped further; also in this case, the dose–survival curve obeyed the law CS ∝ exp(–αD).
3.4. Double Strand Breaks Studies for HT
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brero, F.; Albino, M.; Antoccia, A.; Arosio, P.; Avolio, M.; Berardinelli, F.; Bettega, D.; Calzolari, P.; Ciocca, M.; Corti, M.; et al. Hadron Therapy, Magnetic Nanoparticles and Hyperthermia: A Promising Combined Tool for Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1919. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10101919
Brero F, Albino M, Antoccia A, Arosio P, Avolio M, Berardinelli F, Bettega D, Calzolari P, Ciocca M, Corti M, et al. Hadron Therapy, Magnetic Nanoparticles and Hyperthermia: A Promising Combined Tool for Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(10):1919. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10101919
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrero, Francesca, Martin Albino, Antonio Antoccia, Paolo Arosio, Matteo Avolio, Francesco Berardinelli, Daniela Bettega, Paola Calzolari, Mario Ciocca, Maurizio Corti, and et al. 2020. "Hadron Therapy, Magnetic Nanoparticles and Hyperthermia: A Promising Combined Tool for Pancreatic Cancer Treatment" Nanomaterials 10, no. 10: 1919. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10101919