Armor Damage of Overtopped Mound Breakwaters in Depth-Limited Breaking Wave Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Armor Damage Measurement
- Initiation of Damage (IDa): some units are lost from the upper armor;
- Initiation of Iribarren’s Damage (IIDa): a large area of the upper armor is damaged, so the extraction of units from the bottom armor layer is possible;
- Initiation of Destruction (IDe): the filter is clearly visible due to the extraction of at least one element from the bottom armor layer;
- Destruction (De): several elements from the filter layer are removed.
- Initiation of Damage (IDa): some isolated units are removed from the armor, producing holes whose size is close to the size of the armor units;
- Initiation of Destruction (IDe): several adjacent units are removed from the armor, producing cracks and holes whose size is larger than the armor unit. The filter is clearly visible;
- Destruction (De): several elements from the filter layer are removed.
2.2. Hydraulic Stability of Mound Breakwaters in Breaking Wave Conditions
2.3. Hydraulic Stability of Overtopped Mound Breakwaters
3. Experimental Methodology
4. Data Analysis
4.1. Wave Analysis
4.2. Armor Damage
5. Stability Formulas for Overtopped Mound Breakwaters
5.1. Rock-Armored Model
5.2. Cube-Armored Model
5.3. Cubipod®-Armored Model
5.4. Influence of the Armor Unit and the Armor Sector
5.5. Comparison with Non-Overtopped Structures
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Armor | Sector | C1 | C2 |
---|---|---|---|
Rock-2L | Front slope | 0.633 | −0.056 |
Cube-2L | Front slope | 0.137 | 0.621 |
Cube-2L | Crest | 0.240 | 0.362 |
Cube-2L | Rear slope | 0.255 | 0.113 |
Material | M or M50 (g) | ρ or ρr (g/cm3) | Dn or Dn50 (cm) |
---|---|---|---|
Rock (armor) | 86.77 | 2.68 | 3.18 |
Cube | 141.51 | 2.27 | 3.97 |
Cubipod® | 121.06 | 2.22 | 3.79 |
Rock (filter) | 15.40 | 2.73 | 1.78 |
Rock (core) | 0.68 | 2.72 | 0.68 |
m | Armor | B [m] | #Tests | hs [m] | Rc [m] | Hm0 [m] | Tp [s] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2% | Rock-2L | 0.26 | 15 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.06–0.12 | 1.0–2.2 |
15 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.06–0.13 | 1.0–2.2 | |||
cube-2L | 0.27 | 30 | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.05–0.16 | 1.0–2.7 | |
24 | 0.30 | 0.06 | 0.06–0.18 | 1.0–2.2 | |||
Cubipod®-1L | 0.24 | 30 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.06–0.15 | 1.0–2.7 | |
30 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.06–0.17 | 1.0–2.7 | |||
4% | rock-2L | 0.26 | 20 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.05–0.14 | 1.0–2.4 |
18 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.06–0.13 | 1.0–2.2 | |||
cube-2L | 0.27 | 30 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.05–0.17 | 1.1–2.4 | |
30 | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.06–0.18 | 1.0–2.7 | |||
Cubipod®-1L | 0.24 | 28 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.06–0.17 | 1.0–2.4 | |
30 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.06–0.18 | 1.0–2.7 |
Armor Layer | ∆Dn (cm) | Front Slope | Crest | Rear Side | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K1 | K2 | Ns (IDa) | K1 | K2 | Ns (IDa) | K1 | K2 | Ns (IDa) | ||
rock-2L | 5.34 | 0.06 | 5 | 1.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
cube-2L | 5.04 | 0.05 | 3 | 2.5 | 0.005 | 5 | 3.0 | 6 × 10−4 | 6 | 3.2 |
Cubipod®-1L | 4.62 | - | - | 3.5 | - | - | 3.5 | - | - | - |
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Mares-Nasarre, P.; Argente, G.; Gómez-Martín, M.E.; Medina, J.R. Armor Damage of Overtopped Mound Breakwaters in Depth-Limited Breaking Wave Conditions. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 952. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090952
Mares-Nasarre P, Argente G, Gómez-Martín ME, Medina JR. Armor Damage of Overtopped Mound Breakwaters in Depth-Limited Breaking Wave Conditions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9(9):952. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090952
Chicago/Turabian StyleMares-Nasarre, Patricia, Gloria Argente, M. Esther Gómez-Martín, and Josep R. Medina. 2021. "Armor Damage of Overtopped Mound Breakwaters in Depth-Limited Breaking Wave Conditions" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9: 952. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090952