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Article

Physical Modelling of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations for TRL (Technology Readiness Level) Studies

by
Subhamoy Bhattacharya
1,*,
Domenico Lombardi
2,
Sadra Amani
1,
Muhammad Aleem
1,
Ganga Prakhya
3,
Sondipon Adhikari
4,
Abdullahi Aliyu
1,
Nicholas Alexander
5,
Ying Wang
1,6,
Liang Cui
1,
Saleh Jalbi
7,
Vikram Pakrashi
8,
Wei Li
9,
Jorge Mendoza
1,2 and
Nathan Vimalan
10
1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
2
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
3
Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd., Hemel Hempstead HP2 7TR, UK
4
College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
5
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
6
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
7
Sea and Land Projects Engineering, London SE1 1UN, UK
8
School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
9
Tokyo Electric Power Services Corporation Co Ltd., Tokyo 1350062, Japan
10
V J Tech, Reading RG2 0TB, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(6), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060589
Submission received: 15 February 2021 / Revised: 12 May 2021 / Accepted: 19 May 2021 / Published: 29 May 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Soil–Structure Interaction (SSI))
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Abstract

Offshore wind turbines are a complex, dynamically sensitive structure due to their irregular mass and stiffness distribution, and complexity of the loading conditions they need to withstand. There are other challenges in particular locations such as typhoons, hurricanes, earthquakes, sea-bed currents, and tsunami. Because offshore wind turbines have stringent Serviceability Limit State (SLS) requirements and need to be installed in variable and often complex ground conditions, their foundation design is challenging. Foundation design must be robust due to the enormous cost of retrofitting in a challenging environment should any problem occur during the design lifetime. Traditionally, engineers use conventional types of foundation systems, such as shallow gravity-based foundations (GBF), suction caissons, or slender piles or monopiles, based on prior experience with designing such foundations for the oil and gas industry. For offshore wind turbines, however, new types of foundations are being considered for which neither prior experience nor guidelines exist. One of the major challenges is to develop a method to de-risk the life cycle of offshore wind turbines in diverse metocean and geological conditions. The paper, therefore, has the following aims: (a) provide an overview of the complexities and the common SLS performance requirements for offshore wind turbine; (b) discuss the use of physical modelling for verification and validation of innovative design concepts, taking into account all possible angles to de-risk the project; and (c) provide examples of applications in scaled model tests.
Keywords: TRL (Technology Readiness Level); offshore wind turbines; scaling laws; monopile; proof of concept TRL (Technology Readiness Level); offshore wind turbines; scaling laws; monopile; proof of concept

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bhattacharya, S.; Lombardi, D.; Amani, S.; Aleem, M.; Prakhya, G.; Adhikari, S.; Aliyu, A.; Alexander, N.; Wang, Y.; Cui, L.; et al. Physical Modelling of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations for TRL (Technology Readiness Level) Studies. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060589

AMA Style

Bhattacharya S, Lombardi D, Amani S, Aleem M, Prakhya G, Adhikari S, Aliyu A, Alexander N, Wang Y, Cui L, et al. Physical Modelling of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations for TRL (Technology Readiness Level) Studies. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021; 9(6):589. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060589

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bhattacharya, Subhamoy, Domenico Lombardi, Sadra Amani, Muhammad Aleem, Ganga Prakhya, Sondipon Adhikari, Abdullahi Aliyu, Nicholas Alexander, Ying Wang, Liang Cui, and et al. 2021. "Physical Modelling of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations for TRL (Technology Readiness Level) Studies" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6: 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060589

APA Style

Bhattacharya, S., Lombardi, D., Amani, S., Aleem, M., Prakhya, G., Adhikari, S., Aliyu, A., Alexander, N., Wang, Y., Cui, L., Jalbi, S., Pakrashi, V., Li, W., Mendoza, J., & Vimalan, N. (2021). Physical Modelling of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations for TRL (Technology Readiness Level) Studies. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(6), 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060589

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