Figure 1.
Suggested model design. Conceptual design in (a) and actual model fixed in the flume in (b).
Figure 1.
Suggested model design. Conceptual design in (a) and actual model fixed in the flume in (b).
Figure 2.
Side view of the wave flume showing the locations of the wave probes.
Figure 2.
Side view of the wave flume showing the locations of the wave probes.
Figure 3.
Effect of P on Kt for the case of N = 1, θ = 30, and His/d = 0.2493.
Figure 3.
Effect of P on Kt for the case of N = 1, θ = 30, and His/d = 0.2493.
Figure 4.
Effect of N on with for P = 20%, θ = 90, and = 0.2493.
Figure 4.
Effect of N on with for P = 20%, θ = 90, and = 0.2493.
Figure 5.
Variation of Kt with θ for d/Lp = 0.2733 and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a–c) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (d–f).
Figure 5.
Variation of Kt with θ for d/Lp = 0.2733 and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a–c) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (d–f).
Figure 6.
Variation of Kt with θ for d/Lp = 0.1529 and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a–c) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (d–f).
Figure 6.
Variation of Kt with θ for d/Lp = 0.1529 and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a–c) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (d–f).
Figure 7.
Variation of Kt with θ for d/Lp = 0.1083 and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a–c) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (d–f).
Figure 7.
Variation of Kt with θ for d/Lp = 0.1083 and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a–c) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (d–f).
Figure 8.
Variation of Kt with θ for d/Lp = 0.0844 and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a–c) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (d–f).
Figure 8.
Variation of Kt with θ for d/Lp = 0.0844 and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a–c) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (d–f).
Figure 9.
Effect of His/d on the variation of with N = 1, P = 20%, and θ = 90°.
Figure 9.
Effect of His/d on the variation of with N = 1, P = 20%, and θ = 90°.
Figure 10.
Effect of His/d on the variation Kt with d/Lp, N = 2, P = 20%, and θ = 90°.
Figure 10.
Effect of His/d on the variation Kt with d/Lp, N = 2, P = 20%, and θ = 90°.
Figure 11.
Effect of P on the variation of Kr with d/Lp. N = 1, θ = 90°, and His/d = 0.1284.
Figure 11.
Effect of P on the variation of Kr with d/Lp. N = 1, θ = 90°, and His/d = 0.1284.
Figure 12.
Effect of the number of walls on Kr. θ = 90°, and His/d = 0.1284. (a) P = 10%, (b) P = 20%, and (c) P = 30%.
Figure 12.
Effect of the number of walls on Kr. θ = 90°, and His/d = 0.1284. (a) P = 10%, (b) P = 20%, and (c) P = 30%.
Figure 13.
Effect of the number of walls on Kr. θ = 60°, and His/d = 0.1284. (a) P = 10%, (b) P = 20%, and (c) P = 30%.
Figure 13.
Effect of the number of walls on Kr. θ = 60°, and His/d = 0.1284. (a) P = 10%, (b) P = 20%, and (c) P = 30%.
Figure 14.
Effect of the number of walls on Kr. θ = 30°, and His/d = 0.2493. (a) P = 10%, (b) P = 20%, and (c) P = 30%.
Figure 14.
Effect of the number of walls on Kr. θ = 30°, and His/d = 0.2493. (a) P = 10%, (b) P = 20%, and (c) P = 30%.
Figure 15.
Variation of Kr with θ for d/Lp = 0.2733, and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a,b) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (c,d).
Figure 15.
Variation of Kr with θ for d/Lp = 0.2733, and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a,b) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (c,d).
Figure 16.
Variation of Kr with θ for d/Lp = 0.1529, and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a,b) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (c,d).
Figure 16.
Variation of Kr with θ for d/Lp = 0.1529, and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a,b) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (c,d).
Figure 17.
Variation of Kr with θ for d/Lp = 0.1083, and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a,b) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (c,d).
Figure 17.
Variation of Kr with θ for d/Lp = 0.1083, and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a,b) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (c,d).
Figure 18.
Variation of Kr with θ for d/Lp = 0.0844, and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a,b) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (c,d).
Figure 18.
Variation of Kr with θ for d/Lp = 0.0844, and different porosities and wall configurations. On the left, His/d = 0.2493 (a,b) and on the right His/d = 0.1284 (c,d).
Figure 19.
Effect of His/d on Kr for P = 10% and different wall slopes. Subfigures (a), (b), and (c) are for single-wall, and subfigures (d), (e), and (f) are for twin-wall.
Figure 19.
Effect of His/d on Kr for P = 10% and different wall slopes. Subfigures (a), (b), and (c) are for single-wall, and subfigures (d), (e), and (f) are for twin-wall.
Figure 20.
Effect of His/d on Kr for P = 20% and different wall slopes. Subfigures (a), (b), and (c) are for single-wall, and subfigures (d), (e), and (f) are for twin-wall.
Figure 20.
Effect of His/d on Kr for P = 20% and different wall slopes. Subfigures (a), (b), and (c) are for single-wall, and subfigures (d), (e), and (f) are for twin-wall.
Figure 21.
Effect of His/d on Kr for P = 30% and different wall slopes. Subfigures (a), (b), and (c) are for single-wall, and subfigures (d), (e), and (f) are for twin-wall.
Figure 21.
Effect of His/d on Kr for P = 30% and different wall slopes. Subfigures (a), (b), and (c) are for single-wall, and subfigures (d), (e), and (f) are for twin-wall.
Figure 22.
Effect of P on for N = 1, θ = 90°, and His/d = 0.1284.
Figure 22.
Effect of P on for N = 1, θ = 90°, and His/d = 0.1284.
Figure 23.
Effect of N on the variation of with . P = 20%, θ = 60°, and = 0.25.
Figure 23.
Effect of N on the variation of with . P = 20%, θ = 60°, and = 0.25.
Figure 24.
Example of the Effect of θ on the variation of for P = 20, = 2, and = 0. 1284.
Figure 24.
Example of the Effect of θ on the variation of for P = 20, = 2, and = 0. 1284.
Figure 25.
Effect of on the variation of with . = 1, P = 20%, and θ = 90°.
Figure 25.
Effect of on the variation of with . = 1, P = 20%, and θ = 90°.
Figure 26.
Effect of on the variation of with . N = 2, P = 20%, and θ = 90°.
Figure 26.
Effect of on the variation of with . N = 2, P = 20%, and θ = 90°.
Table 1.
Range of wall parameters tested.
Table 1.
Range of wall parameters tested.
Wall Parameter | Notation | Range Tested |
---|
Porosity | P | 10%, 20%, and 30% |
Number of walls | N | 1 and 2 |
Slope angle | θ | 30, 60, and 90 |
Table 2.
Range of dimensionless input parameters.
Table 2.
Range of dimensionless input parameters.
Parameter | Description | Range |
---|
His/d | Relative wave height | 0.1284–0.2493 |
d/Lp | Relative wave period | 0.0844–0.2733 |
His/Lp | Wave steepness | 0.0106–0.0683 |
Table 3.
Highest and lowest resultant hydrodynamic coefficients.
Table 3.
Highest and lowest resultant hydrodynamic coefficients.
Coefficient | Highest Value | Corresponding Model | Lowest Value | Corresponding Model |
---|
Kt | 0.824 | N = 1, P = 30%, θ = 90 | 0.314 | N = 2, P = 10%, θ = 30 |
Kr | 0.636 | N = 2, P = 10%, θ = 90 | 0.268 | N = 2, P = 30%, θ = 30 |
Kl | 0.889 | N = 2, P = 20%, θ = 30 | 0.418 | N = 1, P = 30%, θ = 60 |
Table 4.
Simple statistics of the percentage of increase in Kt as a function of wall slope angle and number of walls.
Table 4.
Simple statistics of the percentage of increase in Kt as a function of wall slope angle and number of walls.
θ Change: | 90–60 | 90–30 | 60–30 | 90–60 | 90–30 | 60–30 |
---|
Statistical Parameter | Single Wall | Twin Walls |
---|
Mean | 4.21 | 4.56 | 3.87 | 3.45 | 4.11 | 3.21 |
Standard Deviation | 3.47 | 2.73 | 1.69 | 2.50 | 3.58 | 1.39 |
Minimum | 0.24 | 0.64 | 1.25 | 0.41 | 0.52 | 1.30 |
Maximum | 10.16 | 10.39 | 6.78 | 8.84 | 10.44 | 4.89 |
Table 5.
Simple statistics of the percentage of decrease in Kt as a function of wall slope angle and number of walls.
Table 5.
Simple statistics of the percentage of decrease in Kt as a function of wall slope angle and number of walls.
θ Change: | 90–60 | 90–30 | 60–30 | 90–60 | 90–30 | 60–30 |
---|
Statistical Parameter | Single Wall | Twin Walls |
---|
Mean | 1.37 | 11.42 | 8.12 | 4.37 | 11.08 | 8.60 |
Standard Deviation | 1.17 | 6.63 | 6.31 | 5.03 | 8.96 | 7.37 |
Minimum | 0.03 | 0.41 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.40 | 0.98 |
Maximum | 2.92 | 20.22 | 17.82 | 14.18 | 24.79 | 23.58 |
Table 6.
The maximum percentage of decrease and increase, and the average percentage of change in Kr due to addition of a second wall.
Table 6.
The maximum percentage of decrease and increase, and the average percentage of change in Kr due to addition of a second wall.
S | P% | His/d | Maximum% of Kr Decrease | Maximum% of Kr Increase | Average% of Kr Change |
---|
90° | 10 | 0.1284 | 5.88 | 6.22 | −1.28 |
60° | 10 | 0.1284 | 5.70 | 13.98 | 1.68 |
30° | 10 | 0.2493 | 7.06 | 1.69 | −2.94 |
90° | 20 | 0.1284 | 7.82 | 11.22 | −1.53 |
60° | 20 | 0.1284 | 5.73 | 18.24 | 2.64 |
30° | 20 | 0.2493 | 1.87 | 8.97 | 2.92 |
90° | 30 | 0.1284 | 5.65 | 5.21 | −1.60 |
60° | 30 | 0.1284 | 1.27 | 13.44 | 4.44 |
30° | 30 | 0.2493 | - | 6.29 | 3.00 |