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10.3390/jmse14050482
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Article

Numerical Study on Wake Wave Characteristics Around a Transom Stern Vessel

by
Huarong Xie
1,
Xiaobin Yang
2,
Yiding Hu
1,*,
Binrui Yang
1,
Ping Wei
2 and
Weige Liang
2
1
School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
2
Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(5), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14050482
Submission received: 18 January 2026 / Revised: 7 February 2026 / Accepted: 25 February 2026 / Published: 2 March 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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Abstract

The wake characteristics behind a transom stern vessel play a crucial role in determining its hydrodynamic performance, resistance, and environmental impact. This hydrodynamic phenomenon involves violent wave breaking, posing significant challenges for experimental analysis. In this study, we explore the complex wake dynamics behind a transom stern vessel using high-fidelity three-dimensional numerical simulations. A sharp volume of fluid method is employed to capture the gas–liquid interface, while the immersed boundary method is applied to simulate the ship hull boundaries. A distinct advantage of the present simulation is the capability to conduct quantitative analysis within the turbulent two-phase mixing region characterized by significant air entrainment, which is difficult for traditional experimental and theoretical approaches. The research focuses on the interaction between free surface dynamics, air entrainment and turbulent vortex structures, which collectively shape the wake region. The main flow features of wakes, including wave patterns across various Froude numbers, air entrainment and the evolution of bubbly wakes, are investigated. Furthermore, the correlation between turbulent vortex structures and violent interface breaking is examined.
Keywords: numerical simulation; multiphase flow; bubbly wakes; vortex structures numerical simulation; multiphase flow; bubbly wakes; vortex structures

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MDPI and ACS Style

Xie, H.; Yang, X.; Hu, Y.; Yang, B.; Wei, P.; Liang, W. Numerical Study on Wake Wave Characteristics Around a Transom Stern Vessel. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14, 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14050482

AMA Style

Xie H, Yang X, Hu Y, Yang B, Wei P, Liang W. Numerical Study on Wake Wave Characteristics Around a Transom Stern Vessel. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2026; 14(5):482. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14050482

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xie, Huarong, Xiaobin Yang, Yiding Hu, Binrui Yang, Ping Wei, and Weige Liang. 2026. "Numerical Study on Wake Wave Characteristics Around a Transom Stern Vessel" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 14, no. 5: 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14050482

APA Style

Xie, H., Yang, X., Hu, Y., Yang, B., Wei, P., & Liang, W. (2026). Numerical Study on Wake Wave Characteristics Around a Transom Stern Vessel. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 14(5), 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14050482

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