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Article

Preliminary Evaluation of Geothermal Potential in Offshore Depleted Petroleum Reservoirs: The Prinos-Kavala Basin, Northern Aegean, Greece

by
Adamantia Raftogianni
1,
Ioannis Vakalas
1,2,*,
Paschalia Kiomourtzi
3,
Yannis Tsiantis
3,
George Apostolopoulos
1,
Francesca Pace
4 and
Vasileios Gaganis
1
1
School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Geological Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Iroon Polytechniou 9 Str., 15773 Athens, Greece
2
Institute of GeoEnergy, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
3
Energean Oil & Gas, 32, Atrina Center, Kifissias Avenue, 15125 Marousi, Greece
4
Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(5), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14050421
Submission received: 19 January 2026 / Revised: 18 February 2026 / Accepted: 22 February 2026 / Published: 25 February 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Energy)
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Abstract

The increasing global demand for energy has accelerated the depletion of identified conventional resources, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. Geothermal energy, a renewable resource derived from the Earth’s internal heat, offers a reliable solution for both power generation and direct use applications. We present a comprehensive investigation of medium-enthalpy geothermal reservoirs in the Prinos–Kavala Basin, Northern Aegean, Greece. We firstly integrate geological, geophysical, and geochemical data from 66 wells across Prinos–Kavala basin to analyze the temperature distribution in the reservoir. The methodology includes the correction of bottom-hole temperatures and estimation of the geothermal gradients. A 1-D semi-steady-state well temperature modeling technique was applied to estimate the expected production wellhead temperature and assess its suitability for surface heating applications. Results reveal significant spatial heterogeneity in geothermal gradients and reservoir properties, with overpressured conditions confirmed in key zones. The integration of 3D reservoir model and isothermal mapping (>90 °C) identifies zones with high geothermal potential, supporting optimal exploitation strategies. The estimated production wellhead temperatures support the utilization of the produced brine heat content for various applications, among them the pre-heating of a CO2 stream to be injected within the CCS framework for wellbore thermal stress management purposes. The findings demonstrate the value of reservoir characterization for sustainable geothermal development in complex tectonic settings.
Keywords: geothermal energy; reservoir modeling; Prinos–Kavala Basin; Greece; Petrel; geothermal gradient; overpressured reservoir; static and dynamic modeling geothermal energy; reservoir modeling; Prinos–Kavala Basin; Greece; Petrel; geothermal gradient; overpressured reservoir; static and dynamic modeling

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MDPI and ACS Style

Raftogianni, A.; Vakalas, I.; Kiomourtzi, P.; Tsiantis, Y.; Apostolopoulos, G.; Pace, F.; Gaganis, V. Preliminary Evaluation of Geothermal Potential in Offshore Depleted Petroleum Reservoirs: The Prinos-Kavala Basin, Northern Aegean, Greece. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14, 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14050421

AMA Style

Raftogianni A, Vakalas I, Kiomourtzi P, Tsiantis Y, Apostolopoulos G, Pace F, Gaganis V. Preliminary Evaluation of Geothermal Potential in Offshore Depleted Petroleum Reservoirs: The Prinos-Kavala Basin, Northern Aegean, Greece. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2026; 14(5):421. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14050421

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raftogianni, Adamantia, Ioannis Vakalas, Paschalia Kiomourtzi, Yannis Tsiantis, George Apostolopoulos, Francesca Pace, and Vasileios Gaganis. 2026. "Preliminary Evaluation of Geothermal Potential in Offshore Depleted Petroleum Reservoirs: The Prinos-Kavala Basin, Northern Aegean, Greece" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 14, no. 5: 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14050421

APA Style

Raftogianni, A., Vakalas, I., Kiomourtzi, P., Tsiantis, Y., Apostolopoulos, G., Pace, F., & Gaganis, V. (2026). Preliminary Evaluation of Geothermal Potential in Offshore Depleted Petroleum Reservoirs: The Prinos-Kavala Basin, Northern Aegean, Greece. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 14(5), 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14050421

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