A Multivariate AI-Driven Generalized Framework for Structural Load Prediction of Monopile Used for Offshore Wind Turbines Under Non-Linear Wind and Wave Conditions

Predicting structural loads on offshore wind turbine support structures under varying environmental conditions is a complex yet critical task, particularly for large-capacity turbines such as the 15 MW offshore wind turbine. Current prediction methods often struggle with accuracy, especially for torsional moments, due to the non-linear interactions between wind parameters and structural responses. To address this challenge, present study develops a generalized load estimation framework using multivariable polynomial regression, leveraging 10,000 numerical simulations. The framework accounts for four critical variables: Extreme Wind Speed (30 to 40 m/s), Turbulence Intensity (12% to 16%), Flow Inclination Angle (−8° to +8°), and Shear Exponent (0.1 to 0.3). The proposed equations predict six key moment components at the tower base, including the bending moments about the y-axis, torsional moments about the z-axis, bending moments in the x-y, x-z, and y-z planes, and the resultant combined moment. The framework was validated using 2000 testing data points, achieving high accuracy with R² values exceeding 0.92 for all moments. Specifically, the prediction accuracy was highest for the resultant combined moment and y-z bending moment, with average absolute errors of 5.76% and 5.97%, respectively, while x-z bending moment had a slightly higher error of 13.91%, highlighting that torsional moments are inherently more challenging to predict. Heatmap and scatter plot analyses confirmed that the predicted moments align closely with the simulated values, particularly for the torsional moment about the z-axis and y-z bending moment, with standard deviation values as low as 4.85. By optimizing polynomial degrees between 2 and 4, the framework effectively balances prediction accuracy and computational efficiency. This approach provides engineers and scientists with a reliable tool for load estimation, facilitating improved design and analysis of offshore wind turbine support structures.