Underwater Power Conversion and Junction Technology for Underwater Wireless Power Transfer Stations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Operation Analysis of the Power Conversion System
2.1. Frequency Domain Analysis of LLC Circuits
2.2. Time Domain Analysis of LLC Circuits
- When the system is at the rated operating point, the increases in K value and Q value contribute to the increase of the system efficiency.
- When the system is out of the rated operating point, too large a K value will reduce the adjustment range of the switching frequency. It will not be conducive to the design of the control circuit and will cause the system to lose stability. When Q is too large, the system may enter the capacitive working region during the frequency regulation process. This is not conducive to the implementation of ZVS. What is more, it is difficult to achieve the high voltage gain of the system when the Q is too large.
- K and Q that are too large will also increase the current of the circuit and improve the voltage stress of the resonant element. This is not conducive to the selection of component models.
2.3. ZVS Characteristic Analysis
3. Optimization Design of Driving Circuit
3.1. Gate Circuit Design
3.2. Shift Circuit Design
3.3. RC Buffer Circuit Design
4. Circuit Design for Underwater Power Conversion Connector System
- (1)
- The value of the excitation inductor Lm needs to be calculated. The first resonant frequency of the system is 100 kHz. According to Equation (8), the relationship between the excitation inductor Lm and the system current can be established. As shown in Figure 6a, when the resonant current is less than 5 A, the critical value of the excitation inductor Lm is 384 µH.
- (2)
- K and Q need to be selected. The effect of K and Q on the system efficiency is shown in Figure 7. When the value of Lm is 384 μH, the relationship between K and Q is shown as the red curve. In addition, to achieve the high efficiency of the system, K and Q should be designed in the area above the blue curve. According to Figure 7b, the critical K and Q values are set as (5.3, 0.6), respectively.
- (3)
- The parameters of the power circuit that need to be designed. According to Equations (3) and (6), the values of the resonant capacitance Cr and the resonant inductance Lr are determined. In addition, according to Equation (11), the voltage stress of the system is shown in Figure 6b. The maximum voltage stress of the resonant capacitor Cr is 653 V, and the minimum is 480 V. The maximum voltage stress of the resonant inductance Lr is 316 V, and the minimum value is 311 V. Inductors and capacitors need to be connected in parallel or in series to meet the stress requirements.
- (4)
- The model of MOSFET selected in the paper is SCT20N170. Furthermore, the optical coupler is the ACPL-332J-500E, and it has a maximum propagation delay of 250 ns. According to the datasheet of MOSFET, the parasitic capacitance and the drive parameters are shown in Table 3.
- (5)
- Based on the driving circuit design theory presented in Section 3, the gate ferrite bead BLM18PG121SN1D is selected to suppress the oscillations during the turn-on and turn-off processes. At the same time, when the input voltage is 1000 V, the expected maximum voltage oscillation is 1200 V. According to Equations (32) and (33), the parameters of the driver circuit and power circuit are shown in Table 4.
5. Simulated and Experimental Verification
6. Conclusions and Discussion
- Combined with fundamental wave analysis and time domain analysis, the parameters designing of the power circuit of the LLC converter are optimized, and the stress of the components is reduced.
- The characteristics of the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) were analyzed, and a dead zone time design based on the critical ZVS was analyzed. The stability and efficiency of the system are guaranteed by an appropriate dead zone time.
- The passive driving structure is proposed. It is conducive to improving the high-frequency performance of transistors. Therefore, a lot of switching losses during switching process could be avoided.
- A 1.5 kW prototype is developed, and an experimental platform is built. The experimental results show that the system structure and parameter configuration method are feasible.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Lg | Gate parasitic inductance of MOSFET. |
Ld | Drain parasitic inductance of MOSFET. |
Ls | Source parasitic inductance of MOSFET. |
L1 | Load inductance. |
Rpl | Bus equivalent resistance. |
Vdc | Bus voltage. |
Cgs | Grid-source parasitic capacitance of MOSFET. |
Cds | Drain-source parasitic capacitance of MOSFET. |
Cgd | Grid-drain parasitic capacitance of MOSFET. |
C1 | Complementary bridge arm parasitic capacitance. |
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Reference | Type of Topology | Power Level | Output Voltage | Soft Switching | Switching Frequency | Efficiency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[20] | LLC resonant | / | 380 V | Nope | 106 kHz | / |
[21] | Parallel resonant | 450 W | 120 V | ZVS | 250 kHz | / |
[22] | LCL–T resonant | 500 W | 150 V | ZVS | 250 kHz | 96.0% |
[23] | Parallel resonant | 500 W | 50~250 V | ZVS | 250 kHz | 94.0% |
[24] | DAB | 500 W | 150 V | ZVS | 250 kHz | 95.0% |
[25] | LLC resonant | 200 W | 60 V | ZVS/ZCS | 100 kHz | 93.2% |
This Work | LLC resonant | 1500 W | 375 V | ZVS/ZCS | 100 kHz | 98.0% |
Reference | [32] | [33] | [34] | [35] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Feature | Dual Capacitance | Passive RC Resonant | RCD Level Shift | Active Current Injection |
Driver Structure | ||||
Advantages | Low turn-off gate impedance | Small oscillation of drive voltage | Stable turn-on or turn-off state | Small transient drive voltage and current |
Disadvantages | Turn-off time delay increased | High drain-source voltage | Causes higher order oscillations | Complex circuit and driving loss is large |
Test Conditions | In the 1.1 kW buck converter | Double pulse test | In the 1 kW full-bridge inverter | Double pulse test |
Type of Device | C3M0065090X | EPC2015 | C3M0065090J | CMF20120D |
Frequency | 100 kHz | 200 kHz | 145 kHz | 100 kHz |
Conclusion | System efficiency is improved by 0.60% | Oscillation amplitude is reduced by 61.00% | Switching loss is improved by 24.9% | The peak of the drain current is reduced by 19.50% |
Symbol | Parameter | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
VDS | Drain-source voltage | 1000 | V |
VGS | Gate-source voltage | −5/+20 | V |
ID | Drain current (25 °C to 100 °C) | 5 | A |
Ciss | Input capacitance | 1568 | pF |
Coss | Output capacitance | 141 | pF |
Crss | Reverse transfer capacitance | 21 | pF |
td | Dead zone time of driving | 127–302 | ns |
Symbol | Parameter | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Drive Circuit Specifications | |||
Rg | Gate resistance | 7.85 | Ω |
RP | Shift circuit resistance | 4 | kΩ |
CP | Shift circuit capacitance | 513 | nF |
Rs | Buffer circuit resistance | 83 | mΩ |
Cs | Buffer circuit capacitance | 15 | pF |
Resonant Circuit Specifications | |||
n | Turns ratio of the transformer | 8/3 | |
Lr | Resonant inductance | 72.45 | µH |
Cr | Resonant capacitance | 23 | nF |
Lm | Magnetic inductance | 384 | µH |
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Yang, L.; Chen, X.; Zhang, Y.; Feng, B.; Wen, H.; Yang, T.; Zhao, X.; Huang, J.; Zhu, D.; Zhao, Y.; et al. Underwater Power Conversion and Junction Technology for Underwater Wireless Power Transfer Stations. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12, 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040561
Yang L, Chen X, Zhang Y, Feng B, Wen H, Yang T, Zhao X, Huang J, Zhu D, Zhao Y, et al. Underwater Power Conversion and Junction Technology for Underwater Wireless Power Transfer Stations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2024; 12(4):561. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040561
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Lei, Xinze Chen, Yuanqi Zhang, Baoxiang Feng, Haibing Wen, Ting Yang, Xin Zhao, Jingjing Huang, Darui Zhu, Yaopeng Zhao, and et al. 2024. "Underwater Power Conversion and Junction Technology for Underwater Wireless Power Transfer Stations" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 4: 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040561
APA StyleYang, L., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Feng, B., Wen, H., Yang, T., Zhao, X., Huang, J., Zhu, D., Zhao, Y., Zhang, A., & Tong, X. (2024). Underwater Power Conversion and Junction Technology for Underwater Wireless Power Transfer Stations. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(4), 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040561