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Review

A Survey on Physical Layer Techniques and Challenges in Underwater Communication Systems

by
Naveed Ur Rehman Junejo
1,2,
Mariyam Sattar
3,
Saifullah Adnan
4,
Haixin Sun
1,*,
Abuzar B. M. Adam
5,
Ahmad Hassan
2 and
Hamada Esmaiel
1,6,*
1
Department of Information and Communication, School of Informatics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 316005, China
2
Department of Computer Engineering, The University of Lahore, 1—KM Defence Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
3
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Institute of Space Technology, P.O. Box 2750, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
4
Center for Computing Research, Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
5
School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
6
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(4), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040885
Submission received: 15 March 2023 / Revised: 19 April 2023 / Accepted: 20 April 2023 / Published: 21 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Underwater Perception and Sensing with Robotic Sensors and Networks)
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Abstract

In the past decades, researchers/scientists have paid attention to the physical layer of underwater communications (UWCs) due to a variety of scientific, military, and civil tasks completed beneath water. This includes numerous activities critical for communication, such as survey and monitoring of oceans, rescue, and response to disasters under the sea. Till the end of the last decade, many review articles addressing the history and survey of UWC have been published which were mostly focused on underwater sensor networks (UWSN), routing protocols, and underwater optical communication (UWOC). This paper provides an overview of underwater acoustic (UWA) physical layer techniques including cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM), zero padding orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ZP-OFDM), time-domain synchronization orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (TDS-OFDM), multiple input multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM), generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), unfiltered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (UF-OFDM), continuous phase modulation orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CPM-OFDM), filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) modulation, MIMO, spatial modulation technologies (SMTs), and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing index modulation (OFDM-IM). Additionally, this paper provides a comprehensive review of UWA channel modeling problems and challenges, such as transmission loss, propagation delay, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and distance, multipath effect, ambient noise effect, delay spread, Doppler effect modeling, Doppler shift estimation. Further, modern technologies of the physical layer of UWC have been discussed. This study also discusses the different modulation technology in terms of spectral efficiency, computational complexity, date rate, bit error rate (BER), and energy efficiency along with their merits and demerits.
Keywords: underwater acoustic communication; underwater channel; OFDM; FBMC; spatial modulation underwater acoustic communication; underwater channel; OFDM; FBMC; spatial modulation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Junejo, N.U.R.; Sattar, M.; Adnan, S.; Sun, H.; Adam, A.B.M.; Hassan, A.; Esmaiel, H. A Survey on Physical Layer Techniques and Challenges in Underwater Communication Systems. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 885. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040885

AMA Style

Junejo NUR, Sattar M, Adnan S, Sun H, Adam ABM, Hassan A, Esmaiel H. A Survey on Physical Layer Techniques and Challenges in Underwater Communication Systems. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(4):885. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040885

Chicago/Turabian Style

Junejo, Naveed Ur Rehman, Mariyam Sattar, Saifullah Adnan, Haixin Sun, Abuzar B. M. Adam, Ahmad Hassan, and Hamada Esmaiel. 2023. "A Survey on Physical Layer Techniques and Challenges in Underwater Communication Systems" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 4: 885. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040885

APA Style

Junejo, N. U. R., Sattar, M., Adnan, S., Sun, H., Adam, A. B. M., Hassan, A., & Esmaiel, H. (2023). A Survey on Physical Layer Techniques and Challenges in Underwater Communication Systems. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(4), 885. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040885

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