A Strain Fitting Strategy to Eliminate the Impact of Measuring Points Failure in Longitudinal Bending Moment Identification
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- A four-point bending experiment based on a box girder was conducted to realize the loading identification based on the measured signals.
- (2)
- The correlation between the measurement point position and identification accuracy is explored in the experiment scenario to investigate the impact of measuring point failure on longitudinal bending moment identification.
- (3)
- Based on the investigation of correlation, 17 failure conditions were designed to assess the effectiveness of the fitting method based on XGboost, and the method’s fitting capabilities were thoroughly evaluated.
- (4)
- To clarify the sources of fitting errors and further explore the applicability of fitting method, the connections between the fitting values and the training set were comprehensively studied under typical load cases using finite element analysis. Then, the minimum training set required for fitting was determined for the simplification of the training set.
- (5)
- Recommendations were provided for the implementation of the strain fitting method for longitudinal bending moment identification.
2. Experiment on Longitudinal Bending Moment Identification
2.1. Experimental Details
2.1.1. Design of the Box Girder
2.1.2. Experiment Setup
2.2. Longitudinal Bending Moment Identification Method
2.3. Gradient Descent Method for Load Identification
3. XGboost Fitting of the Strains at Measuring Points
4. Investigations into Strain Fitting Method Based on the XGboost Method
4.1. Correlation between Measuring Point Position and Identification Accuracy
4.1.1. Correlation between Measuring Points at Different Locations and Identification Accuracy
4.1.2. Correlation between Measuring Points at Different Structures and Identification Accuracy
4.2. Strain Fitting Based on Experiment Results
- (a)
- Remove failed points.
- (b)
4.2.1. Strain Fitting of Failed Points on Different Positions
Strain Fitting at Different Locations
Strain Fitting at Different Structures
4.2.2. Strain Fitting on Different Sections
- (a)
- It makes the identification results more stable.
- (b)
- It shows a better improvement capability in cases of high-correlation measurement point failure and small-scale measurement point layouts.
- (c)
- Using strain fitting can estimate the approximate strain of failed points, which is more conducive to structural safety assessment.
4.3. Strain Fitting Based on Numerical Analysis
4.3.1. Finite Element Model
4.3.2. Convergence Study on the Mesh Size of Finite Elements
4.3.3. Analysis of the Sources of Fitting Errors
4.3.4. Impact of Lateral Bending
4.3.5. Impact of Torsion-Lateral Bending
4.4. Investigation of Fitting Schemes
5. Discussion
5.1. Strain Fitting Model Based on XGboost in the Case of Failed Points
5.2. Application Prospects of the XGboost Method for the Treatment of Failed Points
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The failure of highly correlated measuring points has a significant impact on the accuracy of identifying the total longitudinal bending moment. This result indicates that the points on the deck stiffener have the highest correlation, followed by the deck plate, the side plate, and the side stiffener.
- (2)
- Based on the experimental results, the XGboost fitting method can effectively improve the identification accuracy of the longitudinal bending moment in the case of the failure of measuring points. Compared to common methods of removing failed points, the XGboost method makes the identification results more stable and shows a better improvement capability in the case of high-correlation measurement point failure. In this study, after using the strain fitting method, the relative error decreased to less than 6%, and that was less than 5% in most conditions. By contrast, the relative error of some conditions still reaches 10% by removing failed points.
- (3)
- There is a fitting error between the fitted strain and the measured strain due to the measurement error. However, the trend of the fitted values is almost consistent with the actual values. Therefore, this method is able to estimate strain to an approximate value.
- (4)
- Based on the FEM analysis, the XGboost fitting method is effective for complex load conditions. After further numerical investigation, it is suggested as the optimal fitting scheme which adopts the failed section and its adjacent section as the training set.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component (mm) | Dimension (Extension Part) | Dimension (Middle Part) | |
---|---|---|---|
Entire model | Length | 1250 | 1450 |
Breadth | 600 | 600 | |
Depth | 450 | 450 | |
Deck | Plate thickness | 6 | 3 |
Longitudinal stiffener | FB50 × 6 | FB30 × 3 | |
Transverse stiffener | FB50 × 6 | FB80 × 3 | |
Bottom | Plate thickness | 6 | 4 |
Longitudinal stiffener | FB50 × 6 | FB40 × 4 | |
Transverse stiffener | FB80 × 3 | FB80 × 3 | |
Side | Plate thickness | 6 | 3 |
Longitudinal stiffener | FB50 × 6 | FB40 × 3 | |
Transverse stiffener | FB50 × 6 | FB80 × 3 | |
Bulkhead | Both ends | 6 | 6 |
Middle | 6 | 6 |
Condition No. | Longitudinal Bending Moment (N × mm) |
---|---|
1 | 1.000 × 108 |
2 | 5.000 × 107 |
3 | 2.500 × 107 |
Condition No. | Identified Moment (N × mm) | True Moment (N × mm) |
---|---|---|
1 | 9.994 × 108 | 1.000 × 108 |
2 | 4.997 × 107 | 5.000 × 107 |
3 | 2.499 × 107 | 2.500 × 107 |
Condition No. | Lateral Bending Moment (N × mm) | Longitudinal Bending Moment (N × mm) |
---|---|---|
1 | 2.500 × 107 | 1.000 × 108 |
2 | 5.000 × 107 | 5.000 × 107 |
3 | 1.000 × 108 | 2.500 × 107 |
Condition No. | Identified Moment (N × mm) | True Moment (N × mm) |
---|---|---|
1 | 1.000 × 108 | 1.000 × 108 |
2 | 5.000 × 107 | 5.000 × 107 |
3 | 2.498 × 107 | 2.500 × 107 |
Condition No. | Lateral Bending Moment (N × mm) | Longitudinal Bending Moment (N × mm) | Torque (N × mm) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.5 × 107 | 1 × 108 | 5 × 107 |
2 | 5 × 107 | 5 × 107 | 5 × 107 |
3 | 1 × 108 | 2.5 × 107 | 5 × 107 |
Condition No. | Identified Moment (N × mm) | True Moment (N × mm) |
---|---|---|
1 | 1.000 × 108 | 1.000 × 108 |
2 | 5.000 × 107 | 5.000 × 107 |
3 | 2.499 × 107 | 2.500 × 107 |
Scheme No. | Training Set |
---|---|
1 | Failed Section |
2 | Failed Section + Adjacent Section (Two Sections) |
3 | Three Sections |
4 | Four Sections |
5 | All Sections (Whole model) |
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Share and Cite
Xu, G.; Gan, J.; Li, J.; Liu, H.; Wu, W. A Strain Fitting Strategy to Eliminate the Impact of Measuring Points Failure in Longitudinal Bending Moment Identification. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 2282. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122282
Xu G, Gan J, Li J, Liu H, Wu W. A Strain Fitting Strategy to Eliminate the Impact of Measuring Points Failure in Longitudinal Bending Moment Identification. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(12):2282. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122282
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Gengdu, Jin Gan, Jun Li, Huabing Liu, and Weiguo Wu. 2023. "A Strain Fitting Strategy to Eliminate the Impact of Measuring Points Failure in Longitudinal Bending Moment Identification" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 12: 2282. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122282
APA StyleXu, G., Gan, J., Li, J., Liu, H., & Wu, W. (2023). A Strain Fitting Strategy to Eliminate the Impact of Measuring Points Failure in Longitudinal Bending Moment Identification. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(12), 2282. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122282