Influences of Gap Flow on Air Resistance Acting on a Large Container Ship
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Numerical Method
2.1. CAD Modeling
2.2. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
2.2.1. Computational Domain
2.2.2. Coordinate System and Coefficients
2.2.3. Mesh Generation
2.2.4. Solution Setup
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. CFD Validation
3.2. Gap Flow Effects
3.2.1. Flow in the Gaps between Deck Container Blocks
3.2.2. Gap Air Flow at the Engine Casing
3.2.3. Gap Flow at the Accommodation House
3.3. Shutdown of Gap Flow with Side Cover
3.3.1. Pressure and Velocity Distribution at = 30 deg
3.3.2. Air Resistance Coefficient
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specifications | Unit | Ship | Model |
---|---|---|---|
— | 1/255.3 | ||
Length of Overall (LOA) | [m] | 400 | 1.560 |
Length Between Perpendicular (LPP) | [m] | 383 | 1.50 |
Breadth (B) | [m] | 58.5 | 0.230 |
Depth (H) | [m] | 32.06 | 0.1250 |
Draft (d) | [m] | 14.5 | 0.0570 |
Frontal Projected Area (AF) | [m2] | 2890 | 0.0443 |
Side Projected Area (AS) | [m2] | 18,000 | 0.2762 |
Solver | |
---|---|
Type | Pressure-Based |
Velocity formulation | Absolute |
Time | Steady |
Models | |
Viscous model | k-epsilon (2 eqs) |
k-epsilon Model | Standard |
Near-Wall Treatment | Standard Wall Functions |
Materials | |
Fluid | Air |
Properties | |
Density | 1.225 (kg/m3) |
Viscosity | 1.7894 × 10−5 |
Boundary Conditions | |
Inlet | Velocity inlet: Velocity Magnitude: 10 (m/s) Turbulent Intensity: 5% Turbulent Viscosity Ratio: 10 |
Outlet | Pressure outlet: Backflow Turbulent Intensity: 5% Backflow Turbulent Viscosity Ratio: 10 |
Ship | Wall: No Slip |
Top, bottom, sidewalls | Wall: Slip |
Solution Methods | |
Pressure-Velocity Coupling | |
Scheme | SIMPLE |
Spatial Discretization | |
Gradient | Least Squares Cell-Based |
Pressure | Standard |
Momentum | Second-Order Upwind |
Turbulent Kinetic Energy | Second-Order Upwind |
Turbulent Dissipation Rate | Second-Order Upwind |
Model | Cx | ΔCx (%) (*) |
---|---|---|
Standard | −0.90118 | |
Side cover | −0.42042 | −53.35 |
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Share and Cite
Nguyen, V.T.; Le, M.D.; Nguyen, V.M.; Katayama, T.; Ikeda, Y. Influences of Gap Flow on Air Resistance Acting on a Large Container Ship. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010160
Nguyen VT, Le MD, Nguyen VM, Katayama T, Ikeda Y. Influences of Gap Flow on Air Resistance Acting on a Large Container Ship. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(1):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010160
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Van Trieu, Minh Duc Le, Van Minh Nguyen, Toru Katayama, and Yoshiho Ikeda. 2023. "Influences of Gap Flow on Air Resistance Acting on a Large Container Ship" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 1: 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010160
APA StyleNguyen, V. T., Le, M. D., Nguyen, V. M., Katayama, T., & Ikeda, Y. (2023). Influences of Gap Flow on Air Resistance Acting on a Large Container Ship. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(1), 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010160