Wind-Assisted Ship Propulsion of a Series 60 Ship Using a Static Kite Sail
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background Theory
2.1. Modelling the Ship Resistance
2.2. Modelling the Wind Profile
2.3. Fundamental Wing Theory for Modelling the Aerodynamic Lift and Drag on a Kite
2.4. Modelling the Catenary Tether of a Kite
2.5. Equilibrium Analysis of the Kite-Tether Assembly
3. Numerical Model
4. Numerical Simulations
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Investigating the Influence of the Kite Area
5.2. Investigating the Influence of the Wind Speed
6. Conclusions
- The correlations between the aerodynamic forces and output parameters that determine the performance of the kite sail are generally positive.
- The effect of the kite area varies with the angle of attack given that wind shear also comes into effect when the kite elevation has to be changed in response to a different lift force. In fact, doubling the kite area for an angle of attack of 60° increases the kite thrust by about 150%.
- The kite coordinates corresponding to the maximum propulsive drag were found to satisfy practical limits for all the ship and tail wind speeds considered.
- For the highest reference wind speed of 20 m/s, about 80% of the required propulsion can be provided by the kite sail if the 75 m long Series 60 vessel travels at a speed of 5.66 m/s with a tail wind while the angle of attack and coordinates of the kite are set to 60° and (500.9 m, 141.9 m), respectively.
- The modelled ship can be propelled solely by the 320 m2 static kite sail at a speed of about 5.3 m/s when the wind speed is 20 m/s at a height of 90 m. At this wind speed of 20 m/s, the optimal angle of attack leading to maximum thrust was also found to be constant at a value of 60° for all ship speeds considered. However, the optimal angle of attack is expected to vary for low relative wind speeds.
- The safe load of 190 kN set for the tether was never reached in the scenarios considered. Additionally, the maximum tether drag as a percentage of the kite thrust as estimated in this study for maximum thrust conditions was found to be only of about 1.5%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
CFD | Computational Fluid Dynamics |
COP | Centre of pressure |
WASP | Wind-assisted ship propulsion |
Drag coefficient of a two-dimensional aerofoil (-) | |
Lift coefficient of a two-dimensional aerofoil (-) | |
Moment coefficient of a two-dimensional aerofoil (-) | |
Reference chord of a finite wing at the midspan (m) | |
Tether diameter (m) | |
Front bridle line length (m) | |
Rear bridle line length (m) | |
Tether length (m) | |
Horizontal coordinate of the kite’s centre of pressure (m) | |
Horizontal coordinate of the tether end (m) | |
A given elevation above the mean seawater level (m) | |
Surface roughness length of the seawater (m) | |
Kite elevation (m) | |
Reference height at which the wind speed is known (m) | |
Elevation above sea surface at which the relative wind speed is zero (m) | |
Elevation of the tether end (m) | |
Area of the elliptical kite planform (m2) | |
Aspect ratio of the elliptical kite planform (-) | |
Ship beam (m) | |
Ship block coefficient (-) | |
Drag coefficient of a finite wing (-) | |
Induced drag coefficient of a finite wing (-) | |
Tether drag coefficient (-) | |
Lift coefficient of a finite wing (-) | |
Drag force on a finite wing (N) | |
Tether drag (N) | |
Ship length (m) | |
Longitudinal centre of buoyancy (%L) | |
Ship length in feet (ft) | |
Lift force on a finite wing (N) | |
Naked effective power of a ship (kW) | |
Air resistance on a ship (N) | |
Appendage resistance of a ship (N) | |
Effective ship resistance (N) | |
Naked hull resistance (N) | |
Ship resistance due to the power margin (N) | |
Total ship resistance (N) | |
Ship draught (m) | |
Front bridle line tension (N) | |
Horizontal component of the tether end tension (N) | |
Vertical component of the tether end tension (N) | |
Rear bridle line tension (N) | |
Tether end tension (N) | |
True wind speed at the kite elevation (m/s) | |
True wind speed at the reference height (m/s) | |
Ship speed (m/s) | |
Ship speed in knots (kn) | |
Relative wind speed at a given elevation (m/s) | |
Relative wind speed at the kite elevation (m/s) | |
Corrected ship resistance coefficient (-) | |
Kite angle of attack (°) | |
Kite optimal angle of attack (°) | |
Angle of the rear bridle line with the horizontal (°) | |
Ship load displacement (t) | |
Vertical distance between the tether end and the kite’s centre of pressure (m) | |
Angle of the front bridle line with the horizontal (°) | |
Tether weight per unit length (N/m) | |
Air density (kg/m3) | |
Water density (kg/m3) |
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Parameter | L (m) | B (m) | T (m) | CB (-) | LCB (%L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 75.23 | 10.75 | 3.58 | 0.70 | 0.50 |
Parameter | zref (m) | z0 (mm) | Δz (m) | AR (-) | dt (mm) | CD,t (-) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 90 | 0.5 | 5 | 10 | 42 | 64.8 | 1.2 |
V (m/s) | (°) | (°) | (°) |
---|---|---|---|
4.04 | 59 | 60 | 60 |
4.85 | 55 | 60 | 60 |
5.66 | 50 | 59 | 60 |
6.47 | 60 | 55 | 60 |
7.27 | 85 | 54 | 60 |
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Share and Cite
Formosa, W.; Sant, T.; De Marco Muscat-Fenech, C.; Figari, M. Wind-Assisted Ship Propulsion of a Series 60 Ship Using a Static Kite Sail. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010117
Formosa W, Sant T, De Marco Muscat-Fenech C, Figari M. Wind-Assisted Ship Propulsion of a Series 60 Ship Using a Static Kite Sail. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(1):117. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010117
Chicago/Turabian StyleFormosa, Wayne, Tonio Sant, Claire De Marco Muscat-Fenech, and Massimo Figari. 2023. "Wind-Assisted Ship Propulsion of a Series 60 Ship Using a Static Kite Sail" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 1: 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010117